Human Poxvirus Infections: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Features of Major Orthopoxvirus Diseases
Published on: 17th June, 2026
Poxviruses are big, double-stranded DNA viruses that can infect a variety of animal hosts, including humans. Other clinically significant poxvirus infections, such as monkeypox (mpox), cowpox, and molluscum contagiosum, continue to present new and re-emerging public health issues even after smallpox was eradicated. The epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches of the four main human poxvirus infections are all covered in this study’s methodical narrative synthesis.Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025 were found by a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar; 34 of them were included in the final analysis. Results show that poxviruses differ significantly in host range, transmission patterns, and disease severity, despite sharing common biological traits including cytoplasmic replication and distinctive cutaneous lesion progression. While mpox has resurfaced worldwide, exhibiting persistent human-to-human transmission during the 2022–2023 outbreak, smallpox is still historically relevant because of its high fatality and successful eradication. Cowpox is still an uncommon zoonotic disease associated with animal reservoirs, while Molluscum contagiosum is still very common, especially in children and immunocompromised people. Antiviral medications like tecovirimat offer treatment options for severe cases, and advances in molecular diagnostics, especially polymerase chain reaction, have improved detection.The impact of dwindling population immunity and growing human-animal interaction is demonstrated by the resurgence and persistence of poxvirus diseases. To reduce future epidemics, more surveillance, better diagnostic capabilities, and integrated One Health policies are crucial.
Blog Section
Search by University/Institution
Enter your University/Institution to find colleagues at HSPI.
Ensuring author's satisfaction with
- Friendly and hassle-free publication process
- Less production time of articles
- Constructive peer-review
- Enhancing journal reputation
- Regular feedback system
- Quick response to authors' queries
Most Viewed Keywords
- Metabolic-endocrine disease
- Antibacterial activity
- Vootiue MIMIC
- Tooth microchip
- Emerging and reemerging infectious disease
- Bucks
- Age related changes
- Genistin
- Anxiety
- Natriuretic peptide receptor
- Attitude
- Distal cholangiocarcinoma
- HIV
- Adolescence
- Aquatic toxicity
- Tinnitus
- Allium vegetables
- Canine distemper
- Pancreatic cancer
- Bloodletting
Search Articles by Country
Get all latest articles in all Heighten Science Publications Inc journals by country.
Testimonials
We really appreciate and thanks the full waiver you provide for our article. We happy to publish our paper in your journal. Thank you very much for your good support and services.
Ali Abusafia
Your big support from researchers around the world is the best appreciation from your scientific teams. We believe that there should be no barrier in science and you make it real and this motto come ...
Arefhosseinir Rafi
Publishing with the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology was a rewarding experience as review process was thorough and brisk. Their visibility online is second to none as...
Elizabeth Awoyesuku
We appreciate the fact that you decided to give us full waiver for the applicable charges and approve the final version. You did an excellent job preparing the PDF version. Of course we will consider ...
Anna Dionysopoulou
The editorial process was quickly done. The galley proof was sent within a week after being accepted for publication. The editorial team was very helpful and responded promptly.
India
Rohit Kulshrestha
I wanna to thank Clinical Journal of Nursing Care and Practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you!
Atsedemariam Andualem
The submission is very easy and the time from submission to response from the reviewers is short. Correspondence with the journal is nice and rapid.
Catrin Henriksson
I want to thank you for our collaboration. You were fast and effective with a positive spirit of teamwork. I am truly excited from our collaboration. You were like always fast, efficient and accurate...
Aikaterini Solomou
It was a great experience publishing through JCICM. The article has reached out to several institutions. Appreciate your professional work. Hope to work with you again
Anas Wardeh
It has been a fabulous journey writing articles for your journal because of the encouragement you people provide for writers from developing nations like India. Kindly continue the same. Looking forwa...