Detection

Left ventricular assessment in patients with significant mitral incompetence: a multi-modality imaging study

Published on: 9th March, 2023

Background: Detection of the deleterious effect of MR on LV is crucial in guiding the surgical decision. Aim of the study: Comprehensive assessment of LV with significant primary MR using (2D, 3D echo and CMR). Methods: 40 patients with significant MR have been recruited in a prospective study. Patients underwent 2D and 3D echo and CMR studies. LV volumes, function and GLS were calculated. Results: End diastolic and systolic volumes were significantly larger when measured by CMR (all p < 0.001). EDV measures were strongly correlated with CMR and 3D echocardiography. Conclusion: It’s important to identify early deleterious LV changes.
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Assessment of self-injurious behavior in major depressive disorder: a case report

Published on: 10th March, 2023

Introduction: Self-harm and depression are two related mental health issues that often co-occur and can have serious impacts on individuals and their well-being. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition that is prevalent among young adults. It is a significant public health concern that affects individuals, families and society as a whole, contributing to considerable social, economic, and health-related costs. Despite the high prevalence of depression in young adults, there is a lack of understanding of its etiology, risk factors, and optimal treatment strategies. Self-harm behavior is a concerning manifestation of MDD that can have serious consequences, including injury, infection, or even death.Methods: In this article, we report a case of an MDD patient with self-harm behavior and discuss the assessment method and treatment options. Our aim is to raise awareness of these pathologies among psychiatrists and the general population and to highlight the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment in reducing the risk of self-harm behavior and suicide.Conclusion: In light of the case presented, it is evident that early detection and targeted intervention are crucial in mitigating the risk of self-injurious behavior in MDD patients. The utilization of a comprehensive assessment methodology, inclusive of a thorough review of the patient’s clinical history and utilization of standardized rating scales, proved indispensable in the tailoring of an individualized treatment regimen. The amalgamation of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy proved to be a successful strategy in the amelioration of depressive symptoms and consequent self-harm behavior. As such, we trust that this case report will serve to sensitize clinicians to the importance of early identification and prompt management of these pathologies, in the quest for enhanced mental health outcomes.
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Detection of extended-spectrum betalactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Tunisia

Published on: 15th March, 2023

The emergence of dramatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by the members of the Enterobacteriales is an important public health problem in the community as well as in Tunisian hospitals. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Based on decreased susceptibility to β-lactams antibiotics and analyzed for the presence of ESBL and carbapenemase genes by Real Time- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 56 uropathogenic isolates of E. coli (n = 36) and K. pneumoniae (n = 20) were confirmed positive for ESBLs. The CTX-M-type β-lactamases were mostly detected in E. coli isolates (21 strains, 58.33% [95% CI 38.09% - 72.06%]) followed by blaSHV-like (18 strains, 50% [95% CI 32.92% - 67.07%]), blaTEM-like and blaCMY-2-like simultaneously (15 strains, 41.67% [95% CI 25.51% - 59.24%]). Furthermore, the RT-PCR system on the K. pneumoniae strains demonstrated that blaSHV-12-like was the most predominant (16 strains, 80% [95% CI 56.33% - 94.26%]) followed by blaTEM-like (14 strains, 70% [95% CI 45.72% - 88.10%]), blaCTX-M belonging to groups 9 and 1 (11 strains, 55% [95% CI 31.52% - 76.94%]) and finally blaCMY-2-like (10 strains, 50% [95% CI 27.19% - 72.80%]). In addition, E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains harbored a carbapenemase gene blaOXA-48-like with 22.2% [95% CI 10.11% - 39.15%]; 20% [95% CI 12.83% - 43.66%], respectively.Our results confirm the need to monitor the resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams and to carbapenems among enterobacteria in Tunisia.
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The universal impossibility of photonic quantum nonlocality

Published on: 24th April, 2023

The theoretical concept of photonic quantum nonlocality cannot be implemented physically because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. Physical scrutiny of landmark experiments (December 2015, M. Giustina, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401, and L. K. Shalm, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402) is undertaken. These articles reported that measured outcomes were fitted with quantum states possessing a dominant component of non-entangled photons, thereby contradicting their own claim of quantum nonlocality. With probabilities of photon detections lower than 0.1%, the alleged quantum nonlocality cannot be classified as a resource for developing quantum computing devices, despite recent publicity. Experimental evidence of a feasible process for quantum-strong correlations has been identified (M. Iannuzzi, et al., Phys. Lett. A, 384 (9), 126200, 2020) in terms of correlations between independent and multi-photon states evaluated as Stokes vectors on the Poincaré sphere. As single-photon sources are not needed, the design and implementation of quantum computing operations and other devices will be significantly streamlined.
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COVID-19 detection and classification: key AI challenges and recommendations for the way forward

Published on: 25th May, 2023

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia that is found in China and has spread globally. Early diagnosis is important for effective and timely treatment. Thus, many ongoing studies attempt to solve key COVID-19 problems such as workload classification, detection, and differentiation from other pneumonia and healthy lungs using different imaging modalities. Researchers have identified some limitations in the deployment of deep learning methods to detect COVID-19, but there are still unmet challenges to be addressed. The use of binary classifiers or building classifiers based on only a few classes is some of the limitations that most of the existing research on the COVID-19 classification problem suffers from. Additionally, most prior studies have focused on model or ensemble models that depend on a flat single-feature imaging modality without using any clinical information or benefiting from the hierarchical structure of pneumonia, which leads to clinical challenges, and evaluated their systems using a small public dataset. Additionally, reliance on diagnostic processes based on CT as the main imaging modality, ignoring chest X-rays. Radiologists, computer scientists, and physicians all need to come to an understanding of these interdisciplinary issues. This article first highlights the challenges of deep learning deployment for COVID-19 detection using a literature review and document analysis. Second, it provides six key recommendations that could assist future researchers in this field in improving the diagnostic process for COVID-19. However, there is a need for a collective effort from all of them to consider the provided recommendations to effectively solve these issues.
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Validating the ORACollect for the detection of cytomegalovirus

Published on: 16th June, 2023

Targeted screening for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children is now internationally recommended. With newborn genomic screening for DHH children a future possibility, the commercially-available human genomic DNA collection kit (ORACollect, Oragene OCR-100) could enable one single sample to screen for CMV and genetic causes of deafness at scale with minimal additional costs. Our pilot study validated ORACollect against Copan FLOQswabs® (gold standard clinical procedure) for detecting CMV using 15 sets of saliva samples from 14 infants/children, comparing CMV PCR results using different testing protocols. ORACollect stored at room temperature had high sensitivity (up to 89%), specificity (up to 80%) and percent agreement (up to 86%) in detecting CMV DNA compared to FLOQswabs®. This suggests that ORACollect is an appropriate alternative to FLOQswabs® for collecting viral CMV DNA for PCR testing, independent of the DNA extraction approach. This could be revolutionary in facilitating dual genomic and viral screening in newborns and would enable CMV screening in non-tertiary hospital settings where laboratory facilities are not available.
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Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Early and Evolution of Alzheimer’s Disease Detections and Enhancing Senior Mental Health through Innovative Art-Singing Therapies: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Published on: 28th June, 2023

The well-documented therapeutic potential of group singing for patients living with Alzheimer’s disease (PLAD) has been hindered by COVID-19 restrictions, exacerbating loneliness and cognitive decline among seniors in residential and long-term care centers (CHSLDs). Addressing this challenge, the multidisciplinary study aims to develop a patient-oriented virtual reality (XR) interaction system facilitating group singing for mental health support during confinement and enhancing the understanding of the links between Alzheimer’s disease, social interaction, and singing. The researchers also propose to establish an early AD detection system using voice, facial, and non-invasive biometric measurements and validate the efficacy of selected intervention practices. The methodology involves co-designing an intelligent environment with caregivers to support PLAD mental health through online group singing, addressing existing constraints in CHSLDs. The researchers will engage volunteers in remote singing interactions and validate the impact of voice stimulation for PLADs using a control group. The primary expected outcome is the development of an “Intelligent Learning Health Environment,” fostering interactions while adapting to individual PLAD situations and incrementally accumulating knowledge on AD signs. This environment will facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technologies to promote non-verbal interactions via singing, enabling intervention at the first symptoms. Additionally, the research will contribute to transforming CHSLDs’ living environments, informed by neuroscience insights, and potentially extend the “collaborative self-care” approach to support seniors in aging safely and healthily at home.
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Comparative Analysis of HtrA3 and NGAL as Viable Biomarkers for Pre-eclampsia

Published on: 6th July, 2023

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-associated condition, which is characterized by the onset of hypertension and proteinuria. It is one of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal mortality and this affliction has been recorded in around 8% of all pregnancies in the world. In addition to this, the etiopathology of this condition is very less understood and the resources available to diagnose and treat it are limited. Prior studies suggest more than a hundred possible diagnostic biomarkers that could be used to detect this disease early on. However, most of them are not feasible due to several reasons including stability, cost, safety, etc. Here two biomarkers HtrA3 (high-temperature requirement A3) and NGAL (Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin) are selected for the detection of pre-eclampsia, and we compare their efficacy in the detection of pre-eclampsia based on their specificity, ease of use, speed, stage of detection and source (invasiveness). We found that these two biomarkers are efficient under some parameters, and inefficient under others. The scoring system used in the current study suggests that NGAL is a superior biomarker. The results of this study help to develop a stronger understanding of both these biomarkers in the short and long term to classify the biomarkers more efficiently and understand the complicated pathologies of pre-eclampsia.
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Noninvasive Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring. How Mechanism-Driven and Data-Driven Models Can Help in Clinical Practice

Published on: 12th July, 2023

Continuous noninvasive cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for early detection and treatment of hypertension. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in cuffless BP sensors. These include contact wearable sensors such as electrocardiography (ECG), photoplethysmography (PPG), contact non-wearable sensors such as ballistocardiography (BCG), and contactless sensors such as video plethysmography (VPG). These sensors employ different measuring mechanisms such as pulse arrival time (PAT), pulse transit time (PTT), and pulse wave analysis (PWA) to estimate BP. However, challenges exist in the effective use and interpretation of signal features to obtain clinically reliable BP measurements. The correlations between signal features and BP are obtained by mechanism-driven models which use physiological principles to identify mathematical correlations, and data-driven models which use machine learning algorithms to analyze observational data to identify multidimensional correlations. On the one hand, applying mechanism-driven models to non-linear scenarios and incomplete or noisy data is challenging On the other hand, data-driven models require a large amount of data in order to prevent physically inconsistent predictions, resulting in poor generalization. From this perspective, this paper proposes to combine the strengths of mechanism-driven and data-driven approaches to obtain a more comprehensive approach, the physiology-informed machine-learning approach, with the goal of enhancing the accuracy, interpretability, and scalability of continuous cuffless BP monitoring. This holds promise for personalized clinical applications and the advancement of hypertension management.
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Sudden Cardiac Death in a Neonate Due to Bilateral Absence of Coronary Artery Ostium

Published on: 24th July, 2023

Introduction: Congenital heart disease is a leading cause of neonatal mortality linked to birth defects. Despite the widespread availability of prenatal screenings, detection rates remain low. Accurate early detection of these lesions is pivotal to reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality.Methods: In this case, we present a neonate who experienced sudden cardiac death due to a rare, undiagnosed congenital cardiac anomaly - the bilateral absence of coronary artery ostium. Discussion: This case highlights the importance of prenatal detection of congenital cardiac anomalies. While fetal echocardiography is frequently utilized, it only identifies CHD in 36-50% of cases. This is attributed to inadequate imaging procedures, varied operator skills, and regional discrepancies. Early detection of severe CHD is essential for specialized treatment, thereby mitigating neonatal health risks and improving survival rates.Conclusion: Prenatal detection of CHD, especially coronary anomalies, continues to pose significant challenges. There is a pressing need to establish and enforce standardized protocols for fetal echocardiography aimed at these anomalies. To enhance care and improve outcomes, a joint effort between academic institutions and community centers is encouraged.Learning Objectives: •    Congenital coronary artery anomalies are a significant cause of sudden cardiac death in children.•    The absence of a coronary artery ostium is known to be associated with other congenital heart diseases, particularly pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum. However, isolated coronary disease has also been reported in this case.•    Prenatal echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing congenital heart disease. However, certain limitations may be encountered when diagnosing coronary artery anomalies.
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Role of RBC Parameters to Differentiate between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Anemia of Chronic Diseases

Published on: 27th July, 2023

Introduction: In the present study we evaluated and compared RBC parameters, iron status, and ferritin for discriminating between patients with iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Anemia that accompanies infection, inflammation, and cancer, is commonly termed anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Methods: We compared the ability of serum ferritin concentration, using the microplate immunoenzymometric assay method with other, more traditional indicators of iron status like total iron binding capacity [TIBC], mean corpuscular volume [MCV], percent transferrin saturation [%TS], RBC distribution width [RDW], and serum iron concentration [SIC]. The ferritin concentration was determined in 80 serum samples selected from men and women above the age of 18 years. The patients were assigned to IDA and ACD groups based on serum ferritin concentration.Observation: By studying the ROC Curve for various red cell parameters for the diagnosis of IDA and ACD, we found that diagnostic accuracy of various indicators was as follows TIBC>TS%>MCV>MCH>SI>MCHC for anemia of chronic diseases, and TIBC>MCH>MCV>MCHC>TS%>SI for iron deficiency anemia. When both the value of AUCs (Area under Curve) of ROC were compared it is apparent that TIBC, TS%, MCV, and MCH are important discriminating factors between IDA and ACD. Conclusion: Conventional laboratory parameters play an important role in distinguishing overt causes of IDA and ACD. MCV, MCH, and TIBC were found to be (p -value < .05) significantly discriminated against IDA and ACD. Serum ferritin is an important diagnostic tool with reasonable accuracy for the detection and differentiation of iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease.
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Significance and Prospect of Brf1 Overexpression

Published on: 22nd August, 2023

Brf1 (TFIIB-related factor 1) is a transcription factor, which specifically modulates the transcription of RNA polymerase III-dependent genes (RNA Pol III genes), such as tRNAs and 5S rRNA. The products of tRNAs and 5S rRNA transcription will be changed with the alteration of Brf1 expression. Whereas deregulation of Brf1 and RNA Pol III genes are tightly associated with cell proliferation and transformation, and tumorigenesis. In recent years, emerging studies indicate that Brf1 expression is increased in patients with cancers. In this review, we summarize the progress of the abnormal expression of Brf1 in different human cancers to explore an underlying mechanism and its clinical implication, as well as to prompt its application prospect. With the depth of the Brf1 study and the progress of biotechnology, the status of Brf1 expression may be used as a universal indicator of the early detection and prognosis observation of human cancers.
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Case Report of a Child with Beta Thalassemia Major in a Tribal Region of India

Published on: 8th September, 2023

Introduction: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder of haemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, which affects different regions around the world. India has the largest number of children with beta-thalassemia major in the world, particularly in the tribal population. Heterozygous conditions are milder and even go unreported than the condition of homozygous where regular blood transfusion is required.Case report: This report focuses on a case of major beta-thalassemia in a child, whose parents are beta thalassemia minor to intermediate conditions, and who was treated by blood transfusion once a month. However, Thalassemia may be cured by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, although not everyone is a good candidate. Genetic counselling, prenatal diagnosis, and selective termination of affected fetuses are effective ways to control thalassemia.Discussion and conclusion: The paper reports a unique case of Thalassemia in rural India. The blood disorder while commonly presented in a juvenile whose parents were Thalassemia positive resulted in the termination of a fetus diagnosed with it. It archives the story of the parents who are now in the process of planning future offspring while mitigating disease risk. The case leads the way for effective management and containment of hereditary genetic disorders through carrier detection while planning alliances and offspring.
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High-Grade Endometrial Mesenchymal Sarcoma: Current Status and Future Trends

Published on: 19th September, 2023

Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) is a rare gynecological malignancy originating from endometrial stromal tissue. Representing only a tenth of uterine malignant tumors, ESS is categorized into Low-Grade (LGESS) and High-Grade (HGESS) based on nuclear division. Interestingly, prognostic studies have found no strong correlation between ESS prognosis and nuclear division activity. Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma (UUS) represents a spectrum of tumors with varied morphological, clinical, and prognostic features, and lacks a standardized naming convention. In 2014, the World Health Organization grouped ESS into LGESS, HGESS, and UUS based on clinical and pathological attributes. HGESS, despite its rarity, is notorious for its poor prognosis and low survival rate. Its early detection is complicated due to its asymptomatic presentation and ambiguous pathogenesis, leading to debates over treatment approaches. This article delves into the recent research developments concerning HGESS.
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Design and Development of a Dual-Volume Ionization Chamber for an Accident Monitor to Detect Gamma Radiation During Emergency Conditions in a Nuclear Reactor

Published on: 30th October, 2023

A Gamma Ionization Chamber was developed for the purpose of high gamma radiation detection during accident conditions in a Light Water reactor. The pre-eminence of the detector is that it was designed and developed to monitor gamma exposure rates in the wide range of 100 mR/hr to 107 R/hr. The detector has an overall diameter of 90 mm with a length of 400 mm. The response of the detector is accurate and the sensitivity is within ± 6% over gamma energies ranging from 660 KeV to 1.25 MeV. The detector operates with a DC voltage of 500V. The V0.9 voltage is about 250V for 107 R/hr. The estimated operation life of the detector is about 20 years. 
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Delayed Diagnosis of Early-onset Sarcoidosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Published on: 18th January, 2024

Background: Early-onset sarcoidosis is a rare systemic inflammatory granulomatous disease, distinguished by onset before the age of 4 and notably lacking pulmonary involvement. Unfortunately, the condition often shows clinical features similar to juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resulting in the misdiagnosis of numerous patients. This case report delves into the challenges associated with the delayed diagnosis of early-onset sarcoidosis, with a particular focus on the diagnostic methods employed to address this delayed recognition.Case presentation: A 15-year-old girl presented with a history of recurrent fever since infancy, accompanied by rash, arthritis, and joint deformity. Previously misdiagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, she underwent management with steroids and methotrexate, yielding no improvement. The diagnosis of early-onset sarcoidosis was made during adolescence based on serial examinations, comprehensive laboratory and radiological evaluations, and subsequent histopathology findings. Presently, the patient is receiving treatment with low-dose steroids and biologic therapy (Tocilizumab) and experiencing no disease progression.Conclusion: This case report underscores the importance of considering early-onset sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients exhibiting persistent arthritis from an early age. Early detection and treatment are crucial in averting complications and enhancing the overall quality of life. 
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The Importance of the Concept of Acute Pneumonia for Choosing the Principles of its Treatment and Results

Published on: 30th January, 2024

Over the past many decades, scientific research and practical efforts in the field of acute nonspecific inflammation of the lung tissue have been aimed at early detection of the pathogen and its suppression.
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A Low-cost High-throughput Targeted Sequencing for the Accurate Detection of Respiratory Tract Pathogen

Published on: 12th March, 2024

Introduction: The current gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis by real-time RT-PCR has limitations of gene numbers that can be detected. In this study, we developed a low-cost and high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology that can overcome the limitations of RT-PCR. Methodology: A targeted sequencing panel (TSP) consisting of approximately 500 amplicons was designed that can simultaneously detect a broad range of gene loci of SARS-CoV-2 and genes for the most common viruses of respiratory infectious viruses in a single run of up to 96 samples. 448 samples and 31 control samples were examined independently with both TSP and RT-PCR, results were compared for accuracy and other indicators. Results:  TSP identified 50 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with a 99.33% match to RT-PCR results. It is not surprising that TSP also identified multiple viral infections from 96 samples, whereas RT-PCR could not. TSP demonstrated its ability to conclude diagnosis for those undecided from RT-PCR tests. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that TSP is a fast and accurate test for detecting multiple pathogen infections of the respiratory tract.
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Management of Non-contact Injuries, Nonspecific Chronic Pain, and Prevention via Sensory Conflicts Detection: Vertical Heterophoria as a Landmark Indicator

Published on: 25th March, 2024

Sensory and sensorimotor conflicts can lead to sensory and motor efficiency disturbances, such as pain and less efficient motor control. Vertical heterophoria (VH) and vertical orthophoria (VO) are respectively the latent vertical misalignment of the eyes when the retinal images are dissociated, or not. Mild VH (< 0.57°) could indicate the presence of a conflict resulting from eye refraction problems and/or a disruption of the somaesthetic cues. Canceling the conflict(s) can immediately restore VO, making it possible to observe an improvement in the mobility of spinal and peripheral joints, the performance in the motor and balance tests after initial alternation, and a decrease in pain. The Maddox Rod Test was used to detect mild VH but doesn’t determine the sensory conflict origin. The aim of this retrospective study is to show its use as a landmark in which sensory afferent conflict could induce symptoms (i.e. pain; decreased range of motion; nonoptimal postural and motor control) and how to manage it, analyzing data from 525 subjects. The clinical process is intended to inhibit or neutralize afferent signals involved in the sensorimotor loops required by the central nervous system in motor control in order to spot the locus of conflict (stomatognathic system, pelvis, plantar afferences, piercings (body art) or/and eye refraction problems). This investigation protocol based on VH detection provides trackers for the therapeutic intervention in the management of nonspecific chronic pain, non-contact injuries, and prevention, and a key role for practitioners in the multidisciplinary management required for patients/athletes, in the world of work/health.
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Approaching Mental Health Through a Preventive Data Analysis Platform

Published on: 3rd April, 2024

The rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the aging population globally are diminishing the overall quality of life, especially for those with demanding daily routines. As medical advancements extend lifespans, the proportion of individuals over 60 is set to double by 2050, necessitating societal shifts toward health-responsible citizenship. Despite longer lifespans, evidence suggests that older age often accompanies mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. Social isolation and loneliness further compound these issues, affecting both physical and mental well-being. Digital wellness empowers individuals to take charge of their health, promoting proactive care and literacy to foster health-conscious citizenship. This paper explores the intersection of mental health, aging populations, preventive wellness initiatives, and health literacy, emphasizing their significance within the Health 5.0 framework, especially for older adults. Traditionally, health regulators offer static workflows for adopting standard procedures in health and well-being, reflecting a reactive approach. However, the evolving landscape of wearable and mobile devices connecting to healthcare IT systems through secure online networks necessitates a shift. Technology now facilitates remote patient monitoring and telemedicine service subscriptions and empowers individuals to manage their health proactively.The BE4YOU project, conducted in Portugal, serves as a case study, facilitating individual maintenance of health and well-being through intelligent and dynamic workflows, which are defined based on analytical models considering each person’s risk profile. By facilitating data sharing, promoting healthy lifestyles, and enabling early detection of mental health issues, the project leverages technology to support personalized monitoring and enhance overall health outcomes. Through technology-driven empowerment, individuals and healthcare professionals are better equipped to assess risks and ensure ongoing wellness monitoring, underscoring the role of technology in fostering personal health and supporting healthcare effectiveness.
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