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The role of free radicals and antioxidants is often underestimated despite their involvement in key metabolic processes, although they participate in many important metabolic processes in the life of humans, animals and plants. Their quantity and quality differ from each other, which is not respected. Each cell is attacked approximately 10,000 times by free radicals. Oxidative stress is the cause of many problems, especially in viral diseases. Monitoring of redox potentials in body fluids is usually not carried out. Viral replication is influenced by oxidative energy, derived from either host metabolism or free radical activity, which is supplied by oxidation by free radicals or the host. Nucleic acid mutations due to the effect of free radicals can be the cause of carcinomas, and possible defense against mutations could help eradicate dangerous viruses. The importance of malondialdehyde and antibodies against it is discussed. Eliminating free radicals, reducing lipoperoxidation, and protecting against environmental oxidative stress are important factors for human health.Study objective: To highlight the importance of free radicals, antioxidants and redox potentials for patient diagnosis and therapy.Methods: This study synthesizes findings from multiple published sources, including our own research.Results: Findings highlight the role of free radicals in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and viral replication, with redox potential (ORP) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) identified as key diagnostic markers.Conclusion: Monitoring oxidative balance and targeting free radical activity are essential for preventing cellular damage and improving clinical outcomes in oxidative stress-related diseases.

Background: Monotherapy for liver dysfunction in diabetes is less effective. This study investigated the effect of combined linagliptin and metformin therapy on liver function in diabetic rats. Methods and materials: Sixty-four mature male (200-300 g) Wistar rats were used. Streptozotocin (35 mg/kgb.wt) was repeatedly injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. The rats were grouped into eight groups (n = 8). Group I: control; Group II: control + 10 mg/kgb.wt linagliptin; Group III: control + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin; Group IV; control + 10 mg/kgb.wt linagliptin + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin; Group V: diabetic; Group VI: diabetic + 10 mg/kgb.wt linagliptin; Group VII: diabetic + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin; Group VIII: diabetic + 10 mg/kgb.wt linagliptin + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin. The animals were sacrificed on the last day of the experiment, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical assay. Results: Insulin, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), liver function biomarkers, liver glucose metabolic enzymes, malondialdehyde and inflammatory markers increased (p < 0.05) significantly. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), liver antioxidant, glycogen, and glycogen synthase were reduced significantly in diabetic rats. Linagliptin and metformin administration single and combined reduced the insulin, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, liver function biomarkers, liver glucose metabolic enzymes, malondialdehyde, and inflammatory markers, and increased the HDL-cholesterol, liver antioxidant, glycogen and glycogen synthase in diabetic rats.Conclusion: Linagliptin monotherapy alone efficiently controls hyperglycemia and remarkably improves liver functions. Combining linagliptin and metformin could be used as safe and effective therapy for liver dysfunction progression in diabetes.

Introduction: Forensic psychology plays a critical role in the criminal justice system, bridging the gap between psychology and law enforcement. One of its most significant applications is in criminal profiling, which involves the analysis of crime scene evidence, behavioral patterns, and psychological indicators to construct a profile of potential offenders. This study explores the intersection of forensic psychology and criminal profiling, focusing on how psychological principles aid in understanding and predicting criminal behavior.Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of criminal profiling as a tool in criminal investigations, and to examine the methodologies that underpin profiling practices as a vital tool in the field of forensic sciences.Methodology: Qualitative content analysis of documented criminal cases from reputable journals were reviewed for this study. Related articles were searched for from Google Scholar and Research Gate using the Keywords. A selection of high-profile cases where profiling significantly contributed to suspect identification were analyzed to assess the practical utility of psychological profiling.Results: The results indicate that while criminal profiling is not a standalone solution, it offers valuable insights when integrated with traditional investigative techniques. Psychological constructs such as personality disorders, cognitive distortions, and behavioral consistency were found to be instrumental in building accurate profiles. However, the findings also highlight challenges including subjectivity, bias, and the risk of stereotyping, potentially compromising investigative objectivity.Conclusion: Forensic psychology, through the application of criminal profiling, provides a powerful adjunct to investigative procedures. When used responsibly and in conjunction with empirical data and forensic evidence, profiling can enhance the efficiency and direction of criminal investigations. Continued research and standardization of profiling methodologies are essential to maximize its reliability and effectiveness in modern forensic practice. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the practical roles and limitations of forensic psychology’s role in the pursuit of justice.

Cannabis sativum has long been used globally for hallucination. However, detrimental effects on female reproduction have never been studied. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate cannabinoid-induced oxidative stress and reproductive containment in female mice. Fifteen adult female Parkes strain mice were randomly chosen from institutional animal houses (n = 5/group) with ad libitum access to water and food. Animals were grouped into control (vehicle-treated), treated with 6mg of cannabis/100 g of body weight, and 12 mg of cannabis/100 g of body weight. After 15 days all animals were sacrificed and tissues were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry, and estimations of different parameters. Histology and immunohistochemistry (of Cannabinoid Receptor 1; CB1) were performed following standardized protocols. All parameters were estimated either by standard biochemical protocols or by kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. Stress parameters (Super Oxide Dismutase; SOD, Catalase, CAT; Malonaldehyde, MDA and Glutathione Peroxidase; GPx), apoptotic parameters of thecal cells (by Caspase-3 assay), serum level of Estrogen (E2), steroidogenic parameters (3β Hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase; 3β HSD and 17β Hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase; 17β HSD) and expression of CB1 were noted in ovary. Data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (One-way ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range post hoc Test. We found a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in steroidogenic parameters and a significant increase (p < 0.05)in free radical and apoptotic parameters and CB1 receptor expressions upon dose-dependent cannabis treatment. We may conclude that chronic treatment of cannabis causes reproductive containment in females which has never been addressed previously.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbursts began at the end of 2019, which imposed a serious crisis on public health and the economy all over the world. To date, there is no antiviral drug available for SARS-CoV-2, and hence vaccination is the most preferred method to prevent people from getting attacked by this virus, especially for those who are at high risk. To counter coronavirus-2, there are various types of vaccines, which are being used, such as live attenuated vaccines, killed or inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, mRNA vaccines, recombinant vector vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Novavax data shows that the vaccine is effective against severe diseases caused by B.1.351. The Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccines show evidence of some protection against P.1. Due to the immune response, the Human body can recognize and protect itself against harmful foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and microorganisms. The immune system protects our body from these harmful substances by identifying them as antigens. Virus-infected cells release many chemicals such as chemokines and cytokines for the initiation of immune response. To control the pandemic situation, herd immunity is required by the immunization of a critical mass of the world population at once. In this review article, we have made an analysis of the immune response of the human body to SARS-CoV-2 infection, different types, and modes of action of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines along with the current status of vaccines.

Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis (DVST) is a rare although serious clinical entity that causes approximately 0.5% of all stroke cases. Head trauma with skull base fracture, aneurysm, CNS infection, thrombophilia, and vasculitis may be identified as a possible cause of DVST. Vernet’s Syndrome is characterized by a constellation of unilateral cranial nerve palsies involving the 9th, 10th, and 11th cranial nerves due to compression or narrowing of the jugular foramen. We herein present a case of 33 years old Bangladeshi worker from Malaysia who had history of severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) following road traffic accident with multiple skull bone fracture and extradural hematoma 3 months back, presented with acute dysphagia, dysphonia, fever and cough for 6 days. Neurologic examination revealed deviation of uvula to the left side and features of consolidation over right upper chest. Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) revealed thrombosis involving right transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus extending up to right internal jugular vein. The diagnosis of vernet syndrome with aspiration pneumonia was made. Later thrombophilia screen showed protein S deficiency. He was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and started anticoagulation with dabigatran. After 6 months of anticoagulation he recovered fully with no residual neurological deficit.

Background: Endometrial Thickness (EMT) is considered an important prognostic factor in assisted reproductive technology (ART), particularly in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Thin endometrium (< 7 mm) is often associated with implantation failure and reduced pregnancy rates, although its precise impact remains controversial.Objective: This thesis summary evaluates the role of thin endometrium in FET cycles, discusses etiologies, diagnostic modalities, treatment approaches, and reviews available patient data.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 69 patients who underwent FET at Saveetha Medical College. Endometrial thickness was assessed via transvaginal ultrasound. Various treatment strategies including hormonal therapies (estradiol, progesterone), vasoactive agents, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), L-arginine, sildenafil citrate, vitamin E, pentoxifylline, and stem cell therapy were reviewed for their efficacy in improving endometrial receptivity.Results: Endometrial thickness < 7 mm correlated with lower pregnancy rates compared to patients with thickness ≥ 7 mm. Hormonal and adjuvant therapies reported varying degrees of success in improving EMT and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Vascularity, angiogenesis, and Doppler studies also demonstrated a significant association with endometrial receptivity.Conclusion: Thin endometrium remains a critical challenge in ART cycles. Multimodal therapeutic approaches may improve outcomes; however, larger prospective studies are required to establish standardized protocols. Our patient data support that even minimal increases in EMT can enhance implantation success.

A poison is a substance capable of causing illness or harm to a living organism upon contact or introduction to the body. Toxins and venoms are poisons of biological origin, with the latter usually reserved to describe the bites or stings of poisonous animals. In India, the suicide rate is 18.5 suicide deaths for every 100,000 people. The majority (79%) of suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries. Ingestion of poison is one of the most common modes of suicide in low and middle-income countries such as India [1].

Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. One of the developmental challenges in preterm infants is the immaturity of the sucking-swallowing-breathing triad, which hinders successful oral feeding. Non-Nutritive Sucking (NNS) is an innate reflex in neonates that involves sucking motions without the intake of nutrition. This behaviour, often facilitated by pacifiers or a gloved finger, plays a vital role in neurodevelopment, feeding maturity, and physiological regulation in preterm infants. Recent studies also highlight its psychological and lactational benefits for mothers. This review presents a synthesis of current evidence supporting NNS as a low-cost, non-invasive intervention with multidimensional benefits for both preterm infants and their mothers.

Purpose: Stroke frequently causes severe deficits in upper limb function, which makes it difficult for patients to carry out daily tasks. An organized home-based intervention called the Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program (GRASP) was developed to help stroke patients regain function in their hands and arms. This systematic review assesses the data demonstrating beneficial effects of the GRASP approach on hand function, gross and fine motor control of the upper limb in individuals post-stroke.Methods: A systematic search was performed in databases including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library up to April 2025. We searched the data using Keywords such as “GRASP,” “Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program,” “stroke rehabilitation,” “upper limb recovery,” “fine motor skills,” and “gross motor control.” Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, and cohort studies involving adult stroke survivors undergoing GRASP. Studies were excluded if they were non-English and focused on other forms of intervention. Quality assessment was performed using the PEDro scale and Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.Results: Out of 243 studies initially screened, 8 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported significant improvements in upper limb function, including enhanced hand dexterity, grip strength, and coordination following participation in GRASP programs. High adherence rates and participant satisfaction were consistently noted. Some studies indicated that benefits were maintained at follow-up, suggesting long-term efficacy. Common outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Box and Block Test (BBT), and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT).Discussion: The findings suggest that GRASP is an effective adjunct to conventional stroke rehabilitation, particularly for enhancing hand function and motor control. The structured yet flexible nature of GRASP allows for scalability and adaptability to various patient needs. Limitations of the reviewed studies include small sample sizes, heterogeneity in intervention duration, and variability in outcome measures. Further research with standardized protocols and larger samples is warranted.Conclusion: The GRASP approach appears to be a promising intervention for improving functional ability of the hand, and gross and fine motor control in the upper limbs post-stroke. Incorporating GRASP into home-based rehabilitation could enhance recovery and reduce long-term disability. Continued research is essential to establish best practices for implementation and to optimize patient outcomes.

Some preliminary results of studies on the assessment of the possibilities and prospects for obtaining products with a high Antioxidant Activity Index (AOA) from the waste of the coffee beverage production industry - "silver skin" (SC, silverskin, CS) are presented.The obtained data on the extraction of SC with aqueous-alcoholic extractants, the effect of extraction conditions on the yield of extracts, and extractive substances are discussed. It is reported on the production of dry powders of extracts that retain their properties during long-term storage.Data on the antioxidant properties of both liquid and dry forms of extracts are presented and good AOA of the studied objects is noted in comparison with the "standard" antioxidant - rosemary extract, and it is also shown that the AOA of dry forms of extracts can be increased by doping with synergists - polyphenols of natural genesis. The antioxidant activity of the obtained compositions was studied on real objects - animal fats and natural dyes, the results of which confirmed the prospects of the studied antioxidants (AO) for practical purposes.

Cannabis poses a growing public health challenge in Nigeria, affecting various groups, including students. Evidence shows a significant prevalence of Cannabis use among students nationwide, yet limited research has focused on university students, particularly in the Southeast region. This study aimed to assess the extent of Cannabis use and its impact on students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire randomly distributed to select undergraduate students from the Faculties of Arts, Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Health Sciences. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 27. Out of 377 participants, 113 (30%) reported using Cannabis. Female students accounted for 35.5% of the respondents, while males made up 65.5%. "Weed" emerged as the most prevalent form/identifier of Cannabis prevalent amongst students. The study identified the frequency and patterns of its use, with a majority (41.8% of the Cannabis users) reporting to use it occasionally. It went ahead to establish the various motivations for Cannabis use, including peer influence, confidence building, emotional issues, and recreational purposes, as well as the influence of the media on its prevalence. The media influenced 15.9% of users, while the leading motivation for Cannabis use was peer pressure (33.33%), and followed by emotional challenges (27.27%). Negative mental health effects were reported by 18.3% of users, while 25.8% experienced disrupted Sleep patterns as a result of Cannabis use. Additionally, 58.7% observed a significantly increased appetite as a result of the use of Cannabis. Consequently, engineering students exhibited the highest prevalence of Cannabis use (86.2%) compared to other faculties, and female students (68.5%) were found to be more significantly represented among Cannabis users than their male counterparts (50.2%). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and faculty-specific strategies to address Cannabis use, while also paying attention to gender-specific factors contributing to its prevalence.