antimicrobial resistance

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the top five pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections. Biofilm formation is nowadays a major problem. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of virulence genes in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Suez Canal University Hospitals with respect to the site of infection and microbial resistance of the strains. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 47 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains collected from hospitalized patients from December 2015 to August 2017. To detect biofilm formation, we used Tissue Culture Plate Method. The virulence genes (toxA, algD, nan1, pslA and pelA) were amplified using PCR technique. Results: The highest sensitivity was to Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin (85.1% and 68.1% respectively).With respect to the virulence genes, toxA gene was detected in 45 isolates (95.7%), algD gene in 42 isolates (89.4%), pslA in 42 isolates (89.4%) %), pelA cted in 41 isolates (87.2%) and nan1gene was detected in 19 isolates (40.45%). Conclusions and Recommendations: We conclude that there is relationship between virulence genes and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We recommend the expansion of work on a larger sample size in a longer period of time.

This review aims to emphasize the scientific focus on platelet therapies by presenting the results already obtained in mares susceptible to Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis (PBIE), as well as highlighting opportunities for further improvement. The recent publication demonstrating the absence of bacterial growth in susceptible mares treated with PRP underscores the potential of regenerative therapies to control infections without promoting the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Alternative therapies have gained prominence in the current public health context, with the World Health Organization listing antimicrobial resistance among the ten most significant global threats. Endometritis is the leading cause of subfertility in mares, and empirical antibiotic therapies are commonly used in the field due to market pressures related to the high financial value of embryos, along with logistical challenges in obtaining laboratory-dependent diagnostic results. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is an alternative therapy derived from whole blood plasma with a high concentration of platelets. Its anti-inflammatory, regenerative, and antimicrobial properties are particularly tested when traditional therapies fail to achieve the desired effect. In recent years, research on the use of PRP in equine reproduction has primarily focused on endometritis, with a particular emphasis on persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE). However, there is a growing interest in other platelet derivatives, such as lyophilized platelet-rich plasma and platelet lysate, which offer practical field applications.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health crisis. It is getting worse every year. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are the most affected. This is mainly because infectious diseases are very common there. Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems make things worse. On top of that, vaccination rates in these countries remain very low. All these factors together make AMR a much bigger threat in LMICs than anywhere else.The recent data showed that bacterial AMR was linked to about 4.95 million deaths worldwide, and 1.27 million of the deaths were directly attributable in 2019. Using information from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2021. The GBD Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators employed statistical modelling to evaluate AMR trends from 1990 to 2021 and to forecast the burden through 2050 across 204 nations and territories.The results are concerning. AMR-related deaths have increased significantly. Older adults aged 70 and above are the most affected group. However, there is some good news too. Deaths among children under five have dropped by nearly 50%. This is a big achievement. Better infection prevention has played a major role in this. Vaccination programs have also made a real difference. Improved water and sanitation (WASH) initiatives have helped as well. These combined efforts have clearly saved many young lives.Key pathogens contributing to AMR mortality include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the absence of improved interventions, deaths attributable to AMR are anticipated to rise to 1.91 million annually by 2050. It is important to strengthen infection prevention, surveillance, vaccination, and WASH with integrated One Health approaches to ease the future impact of AMR.