carcinoma

Aim: This study examines the pathological outcomes of chronic liver injuries, with a focus on liver fibrosis. It emphasizes understanding the structural changes within the liver that may lead to cirrhosis and functional impairments, crucial for developing targeted antifibrotic therapies.Methods: Our approach reviews existing literature detailing the use of traditional diagnostic methods—biochemical and serological tests alongside liver biopsies. Additionally, we evaluate the reliability and efficacy of non-invasive techniques such as serological test panels and imaging examinations. These methods are compared to understand their viability as supplementary or alternative diagnostic tools to liver biopsy.Significance: Liver fibrosis, if unmanaged, can progress to severe conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, making it vital to understand its progression and treatment options. This study underscores the need for precise and non-invasive diagnostic tools in the clinical management of liver fibrosis, providing insight into the progression of chronic liver diseases and potential therapeutic targets.Conclusion and future perspectives: The research confirms that while liver biopsy remains the definitive method for staging liver fibrosis, its risks and limitations necessitate the use of enhanced non-invasive diagnostic techniques. These methods have shown promising results in accuracy and are critical for broadening clinical applications and patient safety.It is recommended that the scientific community continue to develop and validate non-invasive diagnostic tools. Enhancing the accuracy and reliability of these tools can provide a cost-effective, accessible, and safer alternative for large-scale screening and management of liver fibrosis in asymptomatic populations. Additionally, integrating advancements in radiologic and serological markers can further refine these diagnostic methods, improving overall patient outcomes.

Usually revealed by lower urinary tract symptoms, prostate neoplasms are the most frequent urological cancer.The patient was a 70-year-old man being explored for bicytopenia in the hematology department: anemia and bicytopenia with no urinary symptoms in the first plan.Bone marrow biopsy was done and the histological and immunohistochemical concluded in an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of an undifferentiated prostatic carcinoma.We have reviewed the literature one other case of intramedullary metastasis of prostatic cancer was detected but the main symptoms were neurological and the patient was already diagnosed with his cancer.

We report a rare case of 62-year-old South Asian women who visited the Molecular Pathology and Genomics Department for hereditary germline cancer genetic testing after being diagnosed with oesophageal cancer, reported as invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma metastasized to the lymph nodes. Her personal history revealed that she was diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer five years before oesophageal cancer. Germline cancer testing showed pathogenic variants in BRCA1 gene c.68_69delAG, which proved it a hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. She was started on PARP inhibitors but developed some secondary respiratory failure and succumbed to death. Less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature of the association of germline BRCA1 and Squamous cell Carcinoma – the esophagus. The article focuses on the probable pathogenesis of BRCA1 mutation with non-classic malignancies and the response of Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARP) inhibitors in such a scenario. We report an unusual manifestation of the BRCA1 gene with second primary oesophageal squamous cell cancer occurring five years later to triple-negative breast cancer.

The spleen plays a pivotal role in our immune system by facilitating the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes and monocytes. Typically located in the left upper quadrant retroperitoneally, splenic tissue found outside of its usual position is termed ectopic spleen. When the tissue maintains its histological architecture and encapsulation and receives blood supply from splanchnic vessels, it is called an accessory spleen. Although it commonly presents near the splenic hilum or pancreatic tail, rare instances have been reported in the gastric, liver, gastrosplenic/lienorenal ligaments, as well as thoracic and gonadal regions. However, the case of an accessory spleen, mimicking a hepatic lesion in the right diaphragm represents a novel observation.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a rare malignancy originating from bile duct epithelial cells, often presents a challenging prognosis due to its rarity, delayed diagnosis, and early recurrence post-curative-intent treatments. Additional complexities include difficulties in achieving R0 resection during surgical intervention and the lack of effective second-line treatments following the failure of first-line regimens, particularly in unresectable advanced cases.In this case study, we demonstrate a durable response to a combination regimen of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib in a patient with distal CCA. Despite the regimen’s interim median Progression-Free Survival (PFS) of 6.1 months (95% CI, 2.1-6.4), our patient achieved a clinical and radiological PFS of approximately two years. The underlying mechanisms, potentially involving the upregulation of immune response pathways through undisclosed means or influenced by lenvatinib’s activation of T cells, might augment the sensitivity to PD-1 antibodies like pembrolizumab, contributing to the patient’s sustained response over two years.This case also highlights the significance of the patient’s initial good health condition, multidisciplinary care, and the potential impact of molecular subtyping on treatment selection in a patient with distal CCA who underwent numerous diagnostic procedures, intricate surgical interventions, and subsequent treatment regimens over seven years. Additionally, we underscore significant landmark trials and emerging combination therapies, including chemotherapies, immunotherapy, and targeted treatments in this report.

The presence of heavy metals (HMs) on Earth is essential to all forms of life. These metals are essential for plant and animal development but can have numerous negative effects on the living environment. In this review, we looked at where HMs come from, why they are harmful, and how they affect plants. Articles indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, and a few books on heavy metals were consulted for this study. Heavy metals are essential for plant development and growth. According to this analysis, the hazardous effects of HMs are on the rise all throughout the globe, and this trend may be attributed mostly to human activity. Because of its impact on agricultural productivity and environmental changes, soil pollution caused by HMs is among the most crucial elements. Plants have evolved very sophisticated defense systems to deal with these environmental challenges. The threat that HM stress poses to plants has attracted a lot of attention worldwide because it could stunt agriculture’s long-term expansion. In spite of their importance for plants, this study found that HMs pose a significant threat to plant life. The novelty of this review lies in its detailed examination of both the beneficial and detrimental roles of HMs, providing a balanced perspective often overlooked in current literature. The significance of this work is underscored by its potential to inform sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management strategies, as it highlights the delicate balance required to harness the benefits of HMs while mitigating their risks. Despite their necessity for plant development, this review underscores the significant risks HMs pose to plant health and ecosystems.Less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature of the association of germline BRCA1 and Squamous cell Carcinoma – the esophagus. The article focuses on the probable pathogenesis of BRCA1 mutation with non-classic malignancies and the response of Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARP) inhibitors in such a scenario. We report an unusual manifestation of the BRCA1 gene with second primary oesophageal squamous cell cancer occurring five years later to triple-negative breast cancer.

The World Drug Report highlights that the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally. This report estimates that HCV is responsible for the annual death of around 700,000 people due to liver disease and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality with high health and socio-economic costs. This exploratory study aims to evaluate the socio-economic return provided by HCV treatment of individuals integrated into the MOP developed by the NGO Ares do Pinhal in Portugal. Using the SROI (Social Return on Investment) methodology is estimated that for every euro invested in this program, the return for society is 3,75€. This is a significantly positive SROI value, highlighting the importance of this investment in the creation of monetized value for society, as well as to provide greater well-being to those who need it and to society as a whole.

Extrahepatic biliary neuroendocrine tumors (EBNETs) are a rare group of neoplasms with varying characteristics, with 223 cases documented since their discovery. In this case report, an EBNET is described as a result of vague abdominal pain and significantly elevated liver function tests in a 41-year-old woman who presented with vague abdominal pain and elevated liver function tests. Despite the challenges faced in preoperative diagnosis, including the need to differentiate from cholangiocarcinoma, surgical intervention was successful. Due to the tumor’s complex nature, meticulous dissection and reconstruction were required, leading to crucial insights into surgical management. In addition to highlighting the rarity of EBNETs, this case emphasizes the importance of early detection and customized surgical approaches.

Verrucous carcinoma is a rare, slow-growing squamous cell carcinoma that can occur in acral regions, including the plantar surface, being named carcinoma cuniculatum. The tumor presents as a well-demarcated, exudative lesion, resembling benign conditions like warts or infections. In this case, a verrucous lesion on the left plantar surface initially appeared to be non-malignant, with multiple incisional biopsies showing only inflammation. A final excisional biopsy of a large part of it confirmed the initial suspicion of malignancy, prompting complete excision and appropriate management. This case underscores the importance of performing wide and deep biopsies for early diagnosis and timely treatment of a suspected verrucous carcinoma.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICPIs), while revolutionizing cancer therapy through potentiation of anti-tumour responses via targeted blockade of T-lymphocyte inhibitory receptors, are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including diverse renal manifestations. This report presents a case of a 69-year-old male with urothelial carcinoma who developed Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and nephrotic-range proteinuria following initiation of nivolumab, an anti-PD1 antibody, necessitating renal biopsy to clarify the aetiology. The biopsy revealed Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with endotheliopathy, suggesting a direct ICPI-induced glomerular injury. This case underscores the need for heightened awareness of ICPI-associated glomerular disease, alongside more common renal adverse events such as Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN), and for the need for renal biopsy in such cases. While the incidence of ICPI-associated AKI is approximately 17%, and AIN is a more frequent finding, FSGS and other glomerular pathologies should also be considered. Current treatment for such renal events involves discontinuation of the ICPI agent and initiation of immunosuppression with glucocorticoids. The management of these cases requires prompt detection, timely diagnosis, and often interdisciplinary collaboration, thus highlighting the need for more case reports, research, and better treatment strategies.

Epithelioid angiomyolipomas (AML) are uncommon mesenchymal neoplasms, belonging to the group of perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PECOMA). Hepatic PECOMA is even rarer. It’s difficult to diagnose in preoperative by imaging, especially when the fatty component is scant or absent. The gold standard for the diagnosis is histologic examination coupled with an immunohistochemical study. Positive HMB45 immunostaining of the myoid cells is a major diagnostic feature. Herein, we report a particular case of hepatic angiomyolipoma in a middle-aged woman with no significant medical past history. The preoperative diagnosis was difficult given the absence of specific clinical manifestations, even the radiologists considered high suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. The final diagnosis has been made by post-operative histology coupled with an immunohistochemistry study.

Bartholinitis, or Bartholin's gland abscess, is a relatively common gynecological condition among women of reproductive age. Its annual incidence is estimated at approximately 0.5 per 1,000 women, which corresponds to a lifetime cumulative risk of about 2%. The condition primarily affects patients between 20 and 50 years old, with a peak frequency observed between 35 and 50 years.After menopause, due to the natural involution of the gland, Bartholin's cysts and abscesses become less frequent, although they can still occur. Moreover, in women over 50, the appearance of a new mass in the gland region should prompt caution, as it may, in rare cases, indicate a carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland or an adjacent vulvar cancer. Therefore, for patients over 40 presenting with a newly emerged cyst or abscess, clinical guidelines recommend performing a biopsy or excision to rule out malignancy. We present the case of a 50-year-old woman with no significant medical history, who was urgently referred to the gynecological emergency department due to confusion, unexplained fever of 40 °C, and resistant leucorrhoea following a week of corticosteroid antibiotic therapy. Clinical examination revealed a large, tender right vulvar mass, indicative of an acute Bartholin's abscess. The patient exhibited signs of septic shock and was admitted to the ICU. Following a diagnosis of sepsis, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was initiated, alongside fluid resuscitation and norepinephrine support. Surgical drainage of the abscess confirmed the presence of E. coli. The patient's condition improved rapidly, and she was discharged on postoperative day 8 with no complications. This case underscores that while Bartholin's abscess is typically benign, severe complications, including septic shock, can occur—especially in patients over 50. The appearance of a new Bartholin's region mass in older women should prompt consideration of malignancy, necessitating biopsy or excision. Recent studies compare various therapeutic approaches including simple incision and drainage, Word catheter placement, marsupialization, silver nitrate application, and complete gland excision. Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, with marsupialization offering lower recurrence rates and higher patient satisfaction in many instances. 

Background: The health professional appears to be concerned given the number of questions surrounding the patient’s post-transplant survival, patient selection method, and the continuous search for scores that reflect their reality and reconcile the results they desire with the patient’s expectations. It is from these considerations that the present work was born with the purpose of understanding the reality of patients hospitalized for hepatocellular carcinoma and what adherence to the Model For End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) criteria meant in Brazil. Methods: This study is a discrete, univariate time series on emergency hospitalizations that occurred between 2000 and 2018, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Python version 3.11 was the software used for statistical treatment and analysis of the time series. Results: There were 6887 hospitalizations for malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts, in the period 2000-2006, of which 2898 were elective and 3915 (56.85%) were urgent in the period. There was an increase of 63.97% in the number of emergency hospitalizations in relation to the period 2000-2006 and 2007-2013. To highlight, in 2013 there were 1270 emergency admissions, which represented an increase of 109.22% in relation to the number of emergency admissions in 2006. The contingency correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association between the variables in which the chi-square value was 82.18, the p-value was 1.24 x 10-19, and the critical value was 3.84 with one degree of freedom. There was a 123.65% increase in the number of hospitalizations for chronic hepatitis, not elsewhere classified, between the periods 2000-2006 and 2007-2013. The chi-square value of the contingency association was 221.22, with a p-value of 4.90 x 10-50, a critical value of 9.488, with a significance level of 5% and one degree of freedom. The study showed an increase in hospitalizations of 21.88% for alcoholic liver disease between the periods 2000-2006 and 2007-2013. In the period 2000-2006, there were 21330 hospitalizations, 19224 of which were urgent (90.13%). In the period 2007-2013, there were 25997 hospitalizations, of which 22,802 (87.71%) occurred urgently. The chi-square value was 68.95, the p-value was 1 x 10-16, and the critical value was 3.84, with one degree of freedom. Conclusion: The MELD score, as it is sensitive to the patient’s severity, selects those who are at an advanced stage of the disease for liver transplantation. In this scenario, patients do not necessarily have access to outpatient services and begin to attend them regularly when MELD identifies the advanced stage of the disease, opening a gap between prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Malignant neoplasms of the external auditory canal, middle and inner ear are rare. This anatomically complex region generates complicated three-dimensional specimens that can be a challenge for macroscopic and microscopic assessment [1]. The most common cause of malignancy involving the EAC and temporal bone is extension of cutaneous malignancy of pinna. Rare occurrences have been described in association with CSOM and sporadic cases arising in previously irradiated fields for the treatment of other head and neck cancers. The tissue diagnosis is relatively straightforward; however staging is a complex task that is best approached with consideration of clinical, radiological, and pathological findings [2].

The role of free radicals and antioxidants is often underestimated despite their involvement in key metabolic processes, although they participate in many important metabolic processes in the life of humans, animals and plants. Their quantity and quality differ from each other, which is not respected. Each cell is attacked approximately 10,000 times by free radicals. Oxidative stress is the cause of many problems, especially in viral diseases. Monitoring of redox potentials in body fluids is usually not carried out. Viral replication is influenced by oxidative energy, derived from either host metabolism or free radical activity, which is supplied by oxidation by free radicals or the host. Nucleic acid mutations due to the effect of free radicals can be the cause of carcinomas, and possible defense against mutations could help eradicate dangerous viruses. The importance of malondialdehyde and antibodies against it is discussed. Eliminating free radicals, reducing lipoperoxidation, and protecting against environmental oxidative stress are important factors for human health.Study objective: To highlight the importance of free radicals, antioxidants and redox potentials for patient diagnosis and therapy.Methods: This study synthesizes findings from multiple published sources, including our own research.Results: Findings highlight the role of free radicals in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and viral replication, with redox potential (ORP) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) identified as key diagnostic markers.Conclusion: Monitoring oxidative balance and targeting free radical activity are essential for preventing cellular damage and improving clinical outcomes in oxidative stress-related diseases.

Introduction: Pleomorphic Carcinoma (PC) is a subset of poorly differentiated non–small cell lung cancer that is diagnostically challenging because it is a rare malignancy of the lung. It shows varying dual-cell components; spindle or giant cells and epithelial cells.Method: We report a case of 68-year-old non-smoking female who presented with cough, fever, pain in the left side of chest & weight loss of recent onset and an abnormal shadow on her chest X-ray. Computed tomography of chest revealed a well defined heterogeneously enhancing cavitatory soft tissue lesion in the posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe with mediastinal lymphadenopathy.Results: Fine needle aspiration cytology& percutaneous lung biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated malignant tumor. Patient underwent a left lower lobectomy. A diagnosis of PC was confirmed after Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Mutation analysis revealed an EGFR exon 21 mutation within the tumor cells. The patient is on Gefitinib based chemotherapy and has remained disease-free for three years post-surgery.Conclusion: PC of the lung is a rare pathological entity. Definite diagnosis may only be made on a resected tumor along with the use of IHC. Surgical resection is the main modality of the treatment. Such rare cases should be documented to establish an optimal management plan and to provide a further insight to targeted therapy.