Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease and Current Management Trends- an Updated Review of Literature
Published on: 26th July, 2023
As a neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a combination of premotor, motor, and nonmotor symptoms. PD is commonly accompanied by psychosis, which is one of the commonest symptoms in the long run. As a result of Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP), symptoms can range from minor consequences of the disease (illusions, passage hallucinations, and presence hallucinations), to visual and nonvisual hallucinations and delusions. PDP is associated with a reduction in function and a reduction in quality of life as well. It is commonly believed that PDP is related to economic burden, and it has a significant impact on the utilization of long-term care services. The main focus should be on diagnosing, classifying, and managing PDP in an appropriate manner. As a first step in the management of PDP patients, the emphasis should be on identifying and treating any contributing medical factors, reducing or discontinuing medications that could cause or worsen psychosis, as well as nonpharmacological strategies and considering acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treatment when dementia is present. A number of medications are being considered for use in PDP, including pimavanserin, quetiapine, and clozapine. The purpose of the current review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disorder in the general population with PD, including epidemiology, psychotic symptoms, risk factors, triggers, neuro-signaling pathways, diagnosis, and treatment of PDP.
Expression of Cholinesterase in Bone Tumors, Blood and Cord Blood
Published on: 27th November, 2024
The present study aimed to analyze Cholinesterase (CE) levels in cord blood from preeclamptic women and to evaluate cholinesterase status in patients with osteosarcoma. Serum cholinesterase levels were assessed in 30 cases of osteosarcoma and 30 controls suffering from musculoskeletal pain. Additionally, maternal and cord blood samples were collected from 25 women with preeclampsia and compared with those from 25 normotensive pregnant women and 25 normal, healthy controls. The results indicated that serum cholinesterase levels were significantly lower in osteosarcoma patients (Group I) compared to those with musculoskeletal pain (Group II, p < 0.05). Similarly, cholinesterase levels were reduced in the maternal blood of women with preeclampsia when compared to normotensive controls. Cord blood cholinesterase levels were lower in the infants of normotensive mothers, with levels reaching 88.65% of the maternal levels. Furthermore, cord blood cholinesterase levels were significantly lower in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women. When comparing cholinesterase levels to those of normal controls, it was observed that CE levels were significantly elevated in both normotensive and preeclamptic women. The findings of low serum cholinesterase levels in this study suggest that cholinesterase secreted by osteoblasts is utilized in bone formation and tumorigenesis. Additionally, the decrease in cholinesterase levels associated with preeclampsia may be linked to the loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors that occur in this condition.
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