Daily high-fat diet (HFD) intake is generally associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders, which represent a major global health burden with significant social and economic consequences. In the present study, mice were treated with HFD containing 40% lipids. Furthermore, HFD was supplemented with 0.5% or 1.0% acylated sterol-β-glucoside (ASG).After 55 days of rearing, body weight, epididymal fat weight, weight, and pH of cecum contents and intestinal microflora were compared with mice fed HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD) containing lipid at 7%. The results showed that body weight and epididymis fat weight on the last day of feeding were significantly higher in HFD, 0.5% ASG, and 1.0% ASG compared to LFD, but significantly lower in 0.5% ASG and 1.0% ASG compared to HFD. Cecum content weight was lower with HFD compared to LFD but increased to LFD levels with the addition of ASG. Cecum pH was significantly lower on the 1.0% ASG compared to the other groups.The gut microbiota was significantly elevated in the HFD compared to the LFD, with Bacilliota specific to obese mice. However, the addition of ASG to the HFD decreased the Bacilliota and increased the Bacteroidota. Clostridium cluster XI and Clostridium subcluster XIVa, intestinal bacteria involved in the production of carcinogenic secondary bile acids, were markedly increased by consumption of the HFD but were markedly decreased by ASG.Daily intake of ASG may inhibit the deterioration of gut bacteria caused by HFD and reduce the disease risk posed by HFD.

Background: Effective medication to manage diabetes mellitus-related organ complications with minimal adverse drug toxicity is still in pursuit by scientists worldwide. This study investigated the cardio-protective of Rida herbal bitter (RHB) in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Thirty-two matured male Wistar rats (250 ± 20g) were used. The animals were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks before diabetes induction. A single dose of (35 mg/kgb.wt) freshly prepared STZ was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. The animals were allocated into four groups, 8rats/group. Group I: control; Group II: HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats; Groups III & IV: HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with 0.3 ml RHB & 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, blood was sample collected via cardiac puncture and the heart was excised and homogenized. The blood samples and cardiac homogenates tissue were centrifuged to retrieve clear supernatant plasma for biochemical assay.Results: Diabetic rats exhibited significant (p < 0.05) elevated blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cardiac biomarkers, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), pro-inflammatory cytokines, food, and water intake levels with a reduction in body weight, cardiac antioxidant activity, and total protein. RHB administration significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, cardiac biomarkers, MDA, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, food, and water intake, and improved the body weight cardiac antioxidant activity, and total protein.Conclusion: Rida herbal bitter possesses a cardio-protective effect from this study and could be a better alternative medication for managing diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications.

Background: The unwanted adverse toxicity displayed by synthetic antidiabetic medicine leads to the search for effective natural medicine to combat diabetes complications. This study investigated the cardioprotective of Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Forty male adult Wistar were used and fed with HFD for 6 weeks before diabetes induction. The rats were grouped into 5 groups, 8 rats/group. Group I: normal control; Group II: diabetic control; Group III & IV: diabetic rats + 100 mg/kgb.wt & 200 mg/kgb.wt Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic extract; Group V: diabetic rats + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin. The rats were sacrificed on the experiment’s last day, blood samples were collected and the hearts were isolated for biochemical parameters estimation.Results: Food intake, water intake, plasmas insulin, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cardiac enzymes, lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, fibrotic marker, caspase-3 in cardiac of diabetic rats were elevated (p < 0.05) significantly. Body weight, cardiac antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic marker levels diminished (p < 0.05) significantly in diabetic rats. 100 mg/kgb.wt & 200 mg/kgb.wt of Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic extract administration significantly suppressed the plasma insulin, FBG, HbA1c, cardiac lipid profile, cardiac enzymes biomarker, cardiac inflammatory cytokines, cardiac malondialdehyde, cardiac fibrotic marker, cardiac caspase-3, food intake & water intake and increased the body weight, cardiac antioxidant & cardiac anti-apoptotic marker in the diabetic rats.Conclusion: Anacardium occidentale nuts attenuate cardiac injury in diabetes. It could be a natural medicine to manage diabetes-cardiovascular complications.