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The psychophysical impact of a high-complexity environment such as the dental office is not a novelty. This article outlines the organizational and human factors that impact the overall health of dentists, assistants, hygienists, and administrative staff. A careless organizational and human factors approach cannot only function as a stress and error trigger but also affect the highly precise requirements of dentistry and task performance in the daily demands of the office. Ergonomics and human factors principles guidelines should be structured and taught from the basics in dental schools and supported by prevention programs and interventions in the dental professional field, as in other industries, to promote safety, health, and efficiency within the integration of humans, systems, and environments.Usually, the main focus of dentistry research is the physical aspect of the job; the high rates of musculoskeletal disorders are a real problem, but the cognitive-organizational element of the job is not a minimal issue, which highly contributes to physical-emotional exhaustion in the work environment.A fatigued mind impacts the physical aspect of the job, and physical fatigue impacts the mental aspect of the job. This dual effect in a job that requires dealing with anxiety and fear patients, administrative situations in the office, financial aspects, and technical and skill aspects from the dentist, among other requirements, makes dentistry a unique profession.This article addresses the components of the factors that promote cognitive depletion in our field and provides simple tips on controlling them to avoid burnout among dentists. It highlights the importance of awareness of how we manage the organization in the office and the effect on human behavior and performance. It wants to bring to light a common problem for dental practitioners and the workforce to prevent health and performance decrease.

Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical therapy is a rare occurrence and it is mandatory to choose therapeutic procedures minimizing possible bilateral sensitive deficit due to the employment of bilateral mininvasive ablative techniques.  A patient affected by bilateral trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical therapy secondary to multiple sclerosis is presented. Multiple therapeutic tools were employed in this challenging pathology. The second and third left trigeminal divisions were involved by the neuralgia, while the third division was involved in the right facial side. Controlled radiofrequency thermocoagulation was employed for the isolated right third division, then radiosurgery was conducted for the left hemifacial side.  After one month, because of the persistence of pain attacks of the left second trigeminal division, peripheral authorizations were performed. Control of pain, with the withdrawal of medical therapy (BNI scale class I), was achieved in this patient with a multi-therapeutic approach. Radiofrequency thermorizotomy was performed for the right third division because neuralgia was very acute, and immediate pain relief was achieved. Pain in the left third trigeminal division regressed after radiosurgery, while pain in the left second division continued after radiosurgery, then peripheral alcoholization was performed with pain control.Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical therapy should be treated by the dedicated neurosurgeon, avoiding bilateral ablative techniques for the same division and using neurosurgical techniques according to the trigeminal division interested by the neuralgia and according to the intensity of pain.

Retracing the evolution of Mineralocorticoid Receptors (MR) obliges us to take an instructive as well as fascinating leap back in time. This journey teaches us that the relationship between MRs and what we consider their natural ligand, aldosterone, has not always been an exclusive one. MRs operated for a very long time in the oceans and, in any case, in an aquatic environment, stimulated by ligands other than aldosterone, and exercising functions that we still do not know well but which were certainly different from those they currently perform in terrestrial vertebrates, where they maintain normal sodium and body fluids. The history of MRs was initially intertwined with that of female sexual hormones, in particular with progesterone, which was one of the first agonists for MRs, before becoming, with the transition to the terrestrial environment, an important antagonist. This initial intertwining could be the cause of the sexual dimorphism that can be glimpsed when these receptors are overstimulated, as emerges from many experimental studies and some clinical data and/or when antagonistic drugs for these receptors are studied. This must be taken into account in the planning of clinical studies, especially randomized controlled trials, in which the presence of the two sexes must always be well balanced and in the interpretation of the results which must always be performed being well aware of the gender of participants. This does not always happen, however.

Introduction: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a significant cause of glomerulopathy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children. The deposition of circulating immune complexes in the glomerulus and abnormal activation of the alternative complement pathway is believed to trigger the disease. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the optimal treatment and prognosis for children with immune complex-associated MPGN (IC-MPGN) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G).Case report: We report the case of a 14-year-old child admitted for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with anuria managed on haemodialysis. The kidney biopsy showed an appearance compatible with MPGN on light microscopy, with immunoglobulin and complement C3 deposits on direct immunofluorescence. The prognosis was poor, with rapid progression to ESRD despite treatment combining corticosteroid therapy and immunosuppressants.Discussion and conclusion: Evaluating the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches for MPGN in children is challenging due to the small sample sizes and the short duration of the published controlled studies. As a result, it is crucial to conduct more comprehensive trials that focus on both prognosis and treatment options.

Stress in acute stroke may increase mortality and complications, but there is a paucity of information on the efficacy of beta blockers  over other anti-hypertensive. To report efficacy of metoprolol over amlodipine in reducing mortality, disability and infections in acute stroke. CT/MRI confirmed stroke patients within 3 days of onset were included whose age was 18 to 75 years. Patients with secondary intracerebral hemorrhage, organ failure, pregnancy, malignancy, and immunosuppressant or on beta-blocker/amlodipine were excluded. Stroke risk factors, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and CT/MRI findings were noted. Patients with a blood pressure of > 160/90 mm of Hg were randomized using 1:1 randomization to metoprolol (25 mg on day 1, 50 mg if BP is not controlled) or amlodipine (2.5 mg on day 1, then 5 mg then 10 mg on, subsequent days if BP is not controlled). Other standard treatment was continued. The primary outcome was mortality at 1 month; secondary outcomes included  were in-hospital gastrointestinal hemorrhage, pneumonia, sepsis and 3 months functional outcome based on modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Side effects were noted. 18 (14.4%) patients died; 6 (9.7%) in metoprolol and 12 (19%) in amlodipine (p = 0.20) group. At 3-months, 66 patients had good outcome; 45 (80.4%) in metoprolol and 21 (43.3%) in amlodipine group (p < 0.001). The other secondary outcomes were comparable between the two groups. Metoprolol was withdrawn in 6 patients due to bradycardia, and amlodipine in 5 due to hypotension and in 1 due to allergic reaction. Metoprolol is associated with improved functional outcomes in acute stroke  compared to amlodipine.

Background: To enhance the duration of sensory anaesthesia and to prolong the duration of post-operative pain relief during spinal anaesthesia, various adjuvants have been tried along with local anaesthetic agent. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the onset and duration of sensory block, motor block and duration of post-operative pain relief by using intrathecal 0.5% Hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl 25µg versus only 0.5% Hyperbaric bupivacaine selected groups.Methods: We enrolled 70 ASA Ι & ΙΙ patients undergoing surgeries below umbilicus level for our Prospective Randomized trial. Those who met our inclusion criteria were randomized using simple random sampling technique, after obtaining informed consent. Patients in Group A received fentanyl 25µg with 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine and patients in Group B received only 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine intrathecally. Parameters like onset and duration of sensory and motor block and postoperative pain relief were observed. In postoperative period, VAS score was monitored & time for rescue analgesia was noted, when VAS exceeded 5 or above.Results: It was found that Patients in Group A had significantly prolonged duration of postoperative analgesia as compared to Group B (Z value 17.35). Results of Onset & Duration of sensory and motor block were suggesting insignificant result. Post-operative complication was insignificant in our study.Conclusion: Addition of Fentanyl 25µg with 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine in Spinal anaesthesia have insignificant effect on duration of sensory and motor blockade and prolongs postoperative pain relief.

Background & objectives: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains valuable genetic information and plays a crucial role in missing person investigations, mass disasters, and forensic cases involving limited or degraded biological material. mtDNA is maternally inherited, with a highly variable control region divided into three hypervariable regions are generally used for forensic investigation. This study aimed to evaluate maternal inheritance patterns of mtDNA using PCR-RFLP techniques to confirm maternal relatedness. Method: The study was designed after prior permission from the institute’s ethical committee in which subjects were enrolled. This pilot study analyzed 50 voluntary participants (mother-child pairs). DNA was extracted from blood or saliva, and the mtDNA hypervariable region (HV region) was amplified by PCR using specific primers for the HV1 region. The amplified fragments (1024 bp) were subjected to RFLP analysis using seven restriction endonucleases (Alu I, BsuR I (Hae III), Hinf I, HsYF31 (Dde I), Mbo I, Rsa I, and SsPI) to reveal morphotypes. Results: The study identified five morphotypes for Alu I, three for BsuR I (Hae III) and Rsa I, two for Hinf I, and one each for HsYF31 (Dde I), Mbo I, and SsPI. There was minimal genetic polymorphism in the hypervariable region among unrelated individuals, but consistent restriction patterns were observed between mothers and their children in same pair. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the low genetic polymorphism in the hypervariable region among unrelated individuals and consistent restriction patterns within maternal pairs, underscoring mtDNA's utility in forensic and genealogical applications.