standard

Background: 800 women die and 2.6 million stillbirths occur worldwide related to pregnancy complications. Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related mortality have continued to be significantly higher among black than whites due to various factors. We sought to investigate complications among pregnant women of different race/ethnicity.Methods: Cross-sectional observational study of 2030 obstetric cases randomly selected for the period January 1 to December 31, 2021. Data was collected from the hard copy and electronic inpatients’ records. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics analyzed the pregnancy complication frequencies, standard deviations, range, minimum and maximum values. Maternal characteristics were analyzed using an independent samples t-test. Maternal characteristics were evaluated using the two samples t-test. The odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated as measures of association between ethnicity/race and pregnancy complications using a binary logistic regression model. Confidence interval was set at 95% and p < 0.05 (2-tailed) was considered statistically significant.Results: 76.25% of Chinese and 67.86% of Zambians were affected by one or more complications. The mean ± standard deviation for MGH [age (26.69 ± 7.33), gravidity (3.35 ± 2.08), and parity (2.07 ± 1.68)] and for 2nd affiliated hospital was [age (30.04 ± 4.29), gravidity (2.19 ± 1.38) and parity (0.45 ± 0.55)]. Prevalence of top five pregnancy complications in the Chinese group was gestational diabetes mellitus at 18.41%, hypothyroidism at 15.91%, oligohydramnios at 14.39%, premature rupture of membranes at 12.17%, and anemia at 5.73%. The prevalence of the top five pregnancy complications in the Zambian group was preeclampsia at 13.80%, PIH at 12.74%, PROM at 12.45%, eclampsia at 7.53%, and placenta abruption at 7.43%. Statistical significance findings were noted as follows: Oligohydramnios [OR 0.02, CI (0.01 - 0.05), p = 0.000], placenta praevia [OR 0.08, CI (0.01 - 0.61), p = 0.015], preeclampsia [OR 13.10, CI (7.22 - 23.78), p = 0.000], placenta abruptio [OR 79.73, CI (11.07 - 574.38), p = 0.000], PIH [OR 11.95, CI (6.57 - 21.73), p = 0.005], eclampsia [OR 162.90, CI (10.08 - 2631, p = 0.000), PPROM [OR 0.03, CI (0.00 - 0.45), p = 0.012], GDM [OR 0.11, CI (0.07 - 0.17), p = 0.000], hypothyroidism [OR 0.01(0.00-0.03), p = 0.000], anemia [OR 0.18, CI (0.92-0.34), p = 0.000], ICP [OR 0.03, CI (0.00 - 0.48), p = 0.013], syphilis [OR 7.17, CI (2.14 - 24.02), p = 0.001], UTI [OR 22.55, CI (3.04 - 17.26), p = 0.002], HBV [OR 0.05, CI (0.00 - 0.86), p = 0.039] and GBS [OR 0.06, CI (0.00 - 1.11), p = 0.059].Conclusion: Highest odds for obstetrical and infection-related pregnancy complications were associated with Zambian cases. The highest odds for medical complications were associated with Chinese cases.

Targeted screening for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children is now internationally recommended. With newborn genomic screening for DHH children a future possibility, the commercially-available human genomic DNA collection kit (ORACollect, Oragene OCR-100) could enable one single sample to screen for CMV and genetic causes of deafness at scale with minimal additional costs. Our pilot study validated ORACollect against Copan FLOQswabs® (gold standard clinical procedure) for detecting CMV using 15 sets of saliva samples from 14 infants/children, comparing CMV PCR results using different testing protocols. ORACollect stored at room temperature had high sensitivity (up to 89%), specificity (up to 80%) and percent agreement (up to 86%) in detecting CMV DNA compared to FLOQswabs®. This suggests that ORACollect is an appropriate alternative to FLOQswabs® for collecting viral CMV DNA for PCR testing, independent of the DNA extraction approach. This could be revolutionary in facilitating dual genomic and viral screening in newborns and would enable CMV screening in non-tertiary hospital settings where laboratory facilities are not available.

Objective: Assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive and reliable method to evaluate autonomic disorders after cerebral ischemia. The present study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of IC87201 in reducing post-stroke cardiac dysfunction. Materials and methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method in 15 anesthetized adult male rats in three MCAO, MCAO+ DXM, and MCAO+ IC87201 groups, for one hour. Electrocardiogram was recorded before, and 48 hours after ischemia and drug administration, and HRV parameters were calculated from R-R intervals. In the treatment groups, IC87201 and Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate (DXM) were injected after an ischemic period. Results: After brain ischemia, the R-R interval decreased and consequently heart rate increased. The R-R intervals were used to extract the HRV frequency and time domains, including normalized low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio, and standard deviation of R-R interval (SDRR). Normalized LF and LF/HF ratio enhanced 48 hours after ischemia, while normalized HF and SDRR significantly reduced compared to the pre-ischemic state. All HRV parameters had returned to their pre-ischemic level 48 hours after IC87201 and DXM administration, except SDRR, which recovered only in the IC87201 administered group. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it can be concluded that cerebral ischemia significantly worsens HRV parameters as a result of sympathetic overactivity. These changes were reversed by administering DXM and IC87201, but IC87201 has generally been more effective in lowering lesions. As a result, IC87201 can be introduced as an effective substance for the treatment of post-ischemic cardiac side effects.

The study was conducted to determine the absorption of essential and non-essential trace minerals from poultry feed to poultry products. Poultry feed, liver, muscles, and egg samples were collected from six poultry farms in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, and Iron were analyzed in the samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer. Iron, Lead, and Chromium exceeded the permissible limits set by World Health Organization and National Research Council in Poultry feed. Lead was high in the liver, breast muscles, thigh muscles, egg albumen, and egg yolk. Chromium was found in feed, egg yolk, egg albumen, and two (02) of the liver and breast muscle samples. Mercury was not detected in any of the samples. The liver contains significantly higher concentrations of detected heavy metals as compared to thigh and breast muscles and egg yolk contained significantly high concentrations of Iron, Cadmium, and Lead as compared to egg albumen. Standards requirements for feed manufacturers and poultry farmers should be maintained to monitor and mitigate routes of entry of contaminants in the food chain.

Background: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is particularly high among garment workers, which poses a serious occupational health hazard. This issue is not taken seriously as an important issue in low-income countries like Bangladesh.Aim: Determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions (MSDs) among garment workers in nine body regions and explore the relationship between MSDs and the general characteristics of the participants.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study including 383 garment workers was done. A structured questionnaire (Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal) was used. Results: The most common form of pain in the last year was lower back pain. Nine anatomical locations were studied, and workers most commonly experienced problems with their lower back (45.4%), upper back (36.6%), and knees (33.2%). Workers reported having more trouble in the knee (31.9%), upper back (35.0%), and lower back (43.9%) regions over the past seven days. In the past year and the last seven days, shoulder injuries were the least common. Conclusion: MSDs are widespread among garment industry employees. The back condition is the most commonly affected. The development of MSD is directly correlated with age and work experience.

In this study, ceramic pot filters are made from clay and burn-out materials (sawdust) that give pore sizes capable of capturing contaminants. Manufacturing specifications were selected to achieve some results. Clay and sawdust are mixed in a 50% volume ratio each and sawdust was subjected to hot water extraction to give a treated sample. Filters produced comprised of untreated, treated, and a mixture of treated and untreated sawdust samples, some of which were dipped in a solution of silver nanoparticles while others were not dipped (treated undipped, treated dipped, mixed dipped, mixed undipped, untreated undipped, untreated dipped). The effectiveness of the produced filters for the removal of contaminants such as dissolved solids, turbidity, and metals was tested using water collected from the Ikeji Arakeji River in Osun, Nigeria. The results showed the filter with treated sawdust undipped in a solution of silver nano gave the best result in the removal of the contaminants. Also, the filter with the mixtures of treated and untreated sawdust gave a better result compared to the standard. While the standard gave a better result than the untreated undipped ceramic filter pot. In conclusion, with proper cleaning and maintenance of the filters, they can effectively provide treated water suitable for drinking to rural people affected by polluted water sources.

Introduction: Congenital heart disease is a leading cause of neonatal mortality linked to birth defects. Despite the widespread availability of prenatal screenings, detection rates remain low. Accurate early detection of these lesions is pivotal to reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality.Methods: In this case, we present a neonate who experienced sudden cardiac death due to a rare, undiagnosed congenital cardiac anomaly - the bilateral absence of coronary artery ostium. Discussion: This case highlights the importance of prenatal detection of congenital cardiac anomalies. While fetal echocardiography is frequently utilized, it only identifies CHD in 36-50% of cases. This is attributed to inadequate imaging procedures, varied operator skills, and regional discrepancies. Early detection of severe CHD is essential for specialized treatment, thereby mitigating neonatal health risks and improving survival rates.Conclusion: Prenatal detection of CHD, especially coronary anomalies, continues to pose significant challenges. There is a pressing need to establish and enforce standardized protocols for fetal echocardiography aimed at these anomalies. To enhance care and improve outcomes, a joint effort between academic institutions and community centers is encouraged.Learning Objectives: •    Congenital coronary artery anomalies are a significant cause of sudden cardiac death in children.•    The absence of a coronary artery ostium is known to be associated with other congenital heart diseases, particularly pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum. However, isolated coronary disease has also been reported in this case.•    Prenatal echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing congenital heart disease. However, certain limitations may be encountered when diagnosing coronary artery anomalies.

Introduction: Every woman should receive quality antenatal care during pregnancy wherever she lives. We carried out this research with the objective of evaluating the quality of antenatal consultations (ANC) in terms of periodicity, screening, and prophylaxis interventions during antenatal consultations in Kamina and to identify the determinants associated with inadequate ANC. Material and methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study carried out in 6 health facilities in Kamina over a period of 17 months with 476 women who had given birth having attended antenatal consultations at least once. A scoring grid of periodicity standards, screening, and prophylactic interventions with a score of 40 was used to qualify the ANC as adequate. Logistic regression was performed to identify the determinants of inadequate ANC. Results: 40.3% of mothers had reached at least 4 antenatal visits (3.4±1.36); 21.2% had started the ANC no later than 16 weeks for an average age of 22.8 weeks ± 6.19. Overall, 72.5% of pregnant women had benefited from ANC qualified as inadequate. After adjustment, the determinants of inadequate ANC were multigestity (aOR=1.86[1.08-3.19]), low level of education of the mother (aOR=3.93; 95% CI=[2, 08-7.42]), and attendance at a first-level health facility (aOR=3.22; 95% CI=[2.06-5.05]. Conclusion: In the majority of cases, the ANC received by pregnant women in Kamina is inadequate. The determinants thus identified should serve the actors to direct the means to improve the quality of antenatal care in Kamina.

Aim: To evaluate the serum sodium and potassium levels in the three trimesters of pregnancy in women. Methods: Four groups of healthy women between the ages of 20 and 30 years, volunteered for this study. Group 1: Non-pregnant women (control), Group 2: Pregnant women in their first trimester, Group 3: Pregnant women in their second trimester, Group 4: Pregnant women in their third trimester. Blood samples were collected by standard aseptic method and serum samples were analyzed for serum levels of sodium and potassium by the ion selective electrode method. Results were presented as MEAN ± SEM in tables and figures, p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The serum sodium concentrations in mmol/L were 135.3 ± 3.09, 136.3 ± 1.55, 139.0 ± 0.78, 139.8 ± 0.91 for control, first-trimester, second-trimester, and third-trimester subjects respectively. The potassium concentrations in mmol/L were 3.678 ± 0.26, 3.687 ± 0.13,3.820 ± 0.11, 3.767 ± 0.07 for control, first-trimester, second trimester and third-trimester subjects respectively. The Bodyweight values in kg were 72.13 ± 2.11, 74.73 ± 2.05, 75.00 ± 1.72, 81.56 ± 4.24 for control, first-trimest, second-trimester, and third-trimester subjects respectively. Conclusion: Results indicate that the hormones of pregnancy altered the body weight of pregnant women, but did not change the serum sodium and potassium level across the three trimesters of pregnancy in women. This is an indication that the kidneys of healthy pregnant women can handle serum electrolyte load during the period of pregnancy.

Introduction: The organization of medical support for the implementation of the standards of the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” (“RLD”) in children’s clinics on the territory of the Republic of Komi (RK) is carried out in order to develop a physical culture among the population.Patients and methods: The analysis of the results of 2652 medical examinations of children and adolescents to comply with the standards of the “RLD” in the State budgetary healthcare institution of the Republic of Komi “Syktyvkar Children’s Clinic No. 3” (“SChCl No. 3”) in 2016-2022 was carried out. The significance of differences in quantitative characteristics between groups with a normal distribution of quantitative variables was calculated using Student’s t-tests for independent samples. The threshold value of the probability of error for statistically significant differences was set at a level equal to 0.05. The frequency ratio was calculated per 10,000-child population. The depth of the study was 7 years.Results: Among patients who applied for examination only 2604 people (98.85 ± 0.21%) were allowed to pass sports standards. The FC of those who applied was 138.44 per 10,000 children, and the FC of those admitted was 135.94. The proportion of patients of “SChCl No. 3”, who were assigned the main medical group for physical education ranged over the years from 87.37 ± 1.47% in 2017 to 98.86 ± 0.34% in 2019 and on average for 7 years amounted to 94.19 ± 0.45%. That is, almost 90% of those examined are children without health and physical development disorders, but with possible functional disorders that do not lag behind their peers in physical development and physical fitness. They are allowed to study in full according to the curriculum of physical education using preventive technologies, preparation, and passing tests of individual physical fitness.Conclusion: The average annual quantitative indicator of those who applied for certification to pass the standards of the “RLD” is a statistical tool, on the one hand, to determine the current and future workload of medical personnel and determine the forces and means of medical support, on the other hand, an indirect indicator of the interest of children and adolescents in systematic physical education and sports, instilling in schoolchildren the skills of a healthy lifestyle and the prospects for the physical development of the nation. The frequency of examinations per 10,000 of the child population should be considered as an indirect marker for assessing the physical development of children and adolescents since it is not the result of a continuous, but only selective (at the request of those who applied) research. The voluntary surrender of the “RLD” standards by children and adolescents should be approached as an indicator of physical readiness and high personal self-esteem, including psychological readiness for competitive relations in the school and adolescent environment and psychological maturity.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered as “lifestyle” diseases and so far “No unified procedure” or medicines are effective in the management of this group of diseases. Researchers and clinicians have indicated that no safe therapeutic window is available in therapeutics at present. Recent research showed that gut microbiota are effective in managing lifestyle diseases therefore we introduced the influence of gut microbiota in the prognosis of the CVDs. Faecal transplant therapy(FMT) has been anticipated to treat many diseases similar to recurrent bacterial Clostridioides difficile infection which has been used worldwide. Recently, FMT was tried on an animal model to treat CVDs, and recent human trials that were tried to manage CVDs in humans by FMT showed encouraging results. The mechanism of action of transplanted bacteria to manage CVDs in the human population is also discussed. In-depth knowledge on the pros and cons of FMT will pave the way to standardize the procedure once the lacuna existing at present in treating CVDs, is paved, this technology will be useful for the masses.

A new technique for the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the generalization and visual presentation of the results of experimental studies is proposed. The possibility of using ANN for cases for which their use was previously considered impossible is shown. ANN calculators have been created that summarize the results of experimental studies on the effect of trans-polynorbornene and basalt fiber on the characteristics of a rubber compound based on general-purpose rubbers (isoprene SKI-3, butadiene-methylstyrene SKMS-30ARK and butadiene SKD), which also contained vulcanizing agents (N, N′-dithiodimorpholine, thiuram D), vulcanization accelerators (sulfenamide C, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole), vulcanization activators (zinc white, stearic acid), emollients (industrial oil I-12A, rosin) and antioxidants (acetonanil H, diaphene FP). The rubber mixture was prepared on laboratory rollers LB 320 160/160. Subsequently, the rubber mixture was vulcanized in a P-V-100-3RT-2-PCD press. For the resulting vulcanizates, the physical and mechanical properties and their changes were determined after daily exposure to air and in a standard SZhR-1 hydrocarbon liquid at a temperature of 100 °C. We also studied the change in the mass of vulcanizates after exposure to industrial oil I-20A and water. The dynamic parameters (modulus of elasticity and mechanical loss tangent) of vulcanizates, which characterize their noise and vibration-absorbing properties, were studied on a Metravib VHF 104 dynamic mechanical analyzer. The created ANN calculators allow solving a direct problem - interpolating the dependences of all rubber characteristics on the content of basalt fiber, as well as solving inverse problems - to determine the required content of basalt fiber to create rubber with the required performance properties. The autonomous executable modules of the calculators developed by ANN were made and can be passed to everyone.

Background: Post-fracture prolonged immobilization or post-operative elbow stiffness is relatively common and markedly interferes with normal upper extremity function. This study aims to evaluate and compare the levels of patient satisfaction and quality of life in individuals with post-elbow fracture stiffness who undergo Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching versus those who receive passive stretching.Methodology: This (six months) analytical comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at various healthcare institutions. The sample consisted of 377 patients using non-probability convenient sampling. Inclusion criteria included specific types of elbow fractures, a minimum immobilization period of three weeks, and limited range of motion (ROM). Exclusion criteria covered various medical and psychological conditions. Standardized questionnaires Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18) were used for measuring Quality of life and patient satisfaction. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.Results: Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire scores were significantly higher in the PNF Stretching group (mean 82.34 ± 6.63) compared to the Passive Stretching group (mean 63.98 ± 14.42), with a p - value of 0.000. Similarly, Patient satisfaction questionnaire scores were significantly higher in the PNF Stretching group (mean 77.61 ± 4.43) compared to the Passive Stretching group (mean 70.93 ± 8.49), with a p - value of 0.000. These findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference observed between the two groups.Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference observed between both groups as the patients undergoing PNF stretching have higher satisfaction and better quality of life, in comparison to the passive stretching group.

Globally, all people deserve the highest level of respect for their dignity, rights, and health. Bioethics has been recognized as a powerful discipline that aims to ensure such respect. Fritz Jar (1895–1953) and Van Rensselar Potter (1911–2001) will remain heroic men who ushered in the existence of the discipline of bioethics. Bioethics has been recognized as the science of survival and a bridge to the future. Thus, bioethics aims to enrich people’s wisdom. Wisdom is the knowledge of how to use knowledge for human survival and improvement in the quality of life. Worldwide, all people must widely possess such knowledge. Unfortunately, after many years of existence, implementing the principles and goals of bioethics remains centralized and confined to academic fields. Due to its centralized status, few branches of bioethics have been recognized. Besides, both pre-standard and standard practices still exist in the field of bioethics. Healthcare bioethical principles have been mentioned in numerous publications. However, healthcare bioethics has not been recognized as a vital branch of bioethics. The lack of well-established healthcare bioethics hinders strategies for eradicating many of the ephemeral and heuristic approaches that are still obstructing the achievement of optimum health status for numerous people worldwide. Integrating bioethical principles in all healthcare sectors in decentralized manners would lead to the existence of healthcare bioethics. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe healthcare bioethics as a vital branch of bioethics with respect to its description, branches, core principles, functions, system components, and pre-standard and standard practices of healthcare bioethics.

Hypersexual disorder, also known as compulsive sexual behavior or sex addiction, is a complex and clinically significant condition characterized by intense and recurrent sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that significantly disrupt an individual’s daily life and overall well-being. Despite its importance, hypersexual disorder remains a controversial and debated topic, lacking standardized diagnostic criteria in major classification systems.This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of hypersexual disorder, encompassing its definition, conceptualization, etiology, co-occurring conditions, effects on mental and physical health, assessment, treatment approaches, cultural and ethical considerations, and future research directions. By synthesizing information from existing literature and research, this review aims to deepen our understanding of hypersexual disorder and contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions.The review begins by exploring the evolution of the term “hypersexual disorder” and its current status in diagnostic classifications. It then delves into the potential etiological factors contributing to the development of hypersexual behaviors, including neurobiological, genetic, and psychosocial factors.Furthermore, the review discusses the common comorbidities associated with hypersexual disorder, emphasizing the importance of addressing co-occurring mental health conditions in treatment planning. The psychological and physiological effects of hypersexual behaviors on affected individuals are examined, underscoring the urgency of early intervention and comprehensive treatment.The assessment and diagnosis of hypersexual disorder are thoroughly examined, considering the challenges and methodologies involved in identifying and evaluating affected individuals. Cultural and ethical considerations are highlighted, stressing the significance of providing culturally sensitive and ethical care to diverse populations.In the context of treatment, the review discusses various therapeutic approaches, including psychotherapy, medication, support groups, and harm-reduction strategies. The need for evidence-based treatments tailored to hypersexual disorder is underscored while recognizing the challenges of developing standardized protocols in this evolving field.Finally, future research directions are outlined, focusing on the standardization of diagnostic criteria, prevalence studies, neurobiological investigations, and the integration of cultural competency in treatment approaches.In conclusion, this review paper aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of hypersexual disorder and its implications for affected individuals and society. By exploring the multifaceted aspects of the condition, this review seeks to provide insights into effective treatment approaches and inspire further research in the study of hypersexual disorder.

In the current work, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS) NPs were synthesized via the hydrothermal interaction technique. Especially, the deviation in zinc Acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 with 0.5% 1.5%, and 2.25% was examined for its part in nanoparticles size. The nanoparticle size seems to reduce from 149.7 nm to 116.3 nm by enhancing the zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2. With increasing zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 in CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) small lattice phase changes appeared due to angle peaks of diffraction shifting toward higher angle. The standard crystallite size and lattice parameters were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The average crystallite size and volume unit cell were found to increment with increasing Zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 concentrations. Absorption peaks in the UV visible spectra corresponding to zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 of CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) were analyzed at various wavelengths of 368 nm and 369 and 371nm. These findings show the tuning ability of structural, and optical characteristics of cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs.

Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) is a rare gynecological malignancy originating from endometrial stromal tissue. Representing only a tenth of uterine malignant tumors, ESS is categorized into Low-Grade (LGESS) and High-Grade (HGESS) based on nuclear division. Interestingly, prognostic studies have found no strong correlation between ESS prognosis and nuclear division activity. Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma (UUS) represents a spectrum of tumors with varied morphological, clinical, and prognostic features, and lacks a standardized naming convention. In 2014, the World Health Organization grouped ESS into LGESS, HGESS, and UUS based on clinical and pathological attributes. HGESS, despite its rarity, is notorious for its poor prognosis and low survival rate. Its early detection is complicated due to its asymptomatic presentation and ambiguous pathogenesis, leading to debates over treatment approaches. This article delves into the recent research developments concerning HGESS.

Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Nevertheless, the main limitation for long-term graft survival is immune-mediated rejection. Some authors have proposed that differences in immune effector mechanisms are influenced by underlying molecular mechanisms; thereby, the identification of differentially expressed genes in acute or chronic rejection in non-invasive samples such as urine may be essential for the identification of potential biomarkers and biological processes associated with allograft outcomes. Our aim was to explore differences in gene expression and functional categories associated with acute and chronic kidney rejection in blood, biopsy, and urine of kidney transplant patients using RNA-Seq. RNA was isolated and sequenced implementing standard protocols. Analyses were addressed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Functional Categories of Gene Ontology comparing between samples. Then we focused on immune genes and pathways to identify their association with the allograft. We identified a significant transcriptional similarity between biopsy and urine, in comparison with blood in acute and chronic rejection. Functional analyses suggested an enrichment of immune processes such as antigen processing and presentation, and regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway in blood of acute and chronic rejection, respectively. Additionally, we observed an increase in expression of chemokines in biopsy and urine of both outcomes along with an increase in chemokine receptors in blood. Our findings suggest that urine is suitable for identifying potential biomarkers and biological processes related to renal allograft rejection, as it shares a significant number of regulated genes with biopsy.

Background: Miscarriage is a common gynecological problem and early pregnancy loss occurs in the first trimester. Early pregnancy miscarriage is managed expectantly, surgically, and medically. Medical management is a new treatment option, also surgical evacuation is the standard treatment for some types and presentations of miscarriage. Medical management might be more suitable instead of surgical evacuation, it may be less costly than surgical treatment and consequently, due to its lower complications, most patients prefer it.Purpose: This study aimed to determine women's perception of medical treatment versus surgical intervention, complications associated with surgical procedures, and medical treatment.Methodology: It was a comparative, hospital-based study conducted in Bashair Teaching Hospital, on 336 patients diagnosed with miscarriage in the first trimester, 168(group A) were treated medically while 168(group B) were treated surgically. All participating patients in the study fulfilled the selection criteria, that is, the provision of an informed consent and agreement to participate in the study. Results: The total number of women during the period of study was 336. The study found that 239(71%) of women prefer medical management compared to 97 (29%) preferring surgery. The complications associated with the medical treatment were (4.2%) infection, (0.6%) bleeding, and (95.2%) without obvious complications. The complications associated with surgical procedures were (7.7%) developmental infection, (16.1%) bleeding, (10.7%) incomplete evacuation, (1.8%) uterine perforation, and (63.7%) without obvious complications.Conclusion: The study found that over two-thirds of patients Favor medical treatment over surgical procedures. It has also revealed that medical treatment is very effective in terminating pregnancies within the first trimester.

Bronchiolitis is one of the most common respiratory infections in children under 2 years of age predominantly caused by Respiratory syncytial virus and other viruses like influenza, Para influenza, and Adenovirus. Rhinovirus, etc. Most children have mild symptoms however bronchiolitis has also been well linked to severe morbidities and mortalities. Even though bronchiolitis has been well recognized for many years, there are still very few therapeutic strategies available beyond supportive management. There are many controversies about therapeutic management in bronchiolitis published in standard guidelines and research in this area. Management can be divided into pharmacological and supportive therapy. Evidence suggests that the current management of bronchiolitis is purely supportive consisting of oxygen supplementation, frequent suctioning, and maintaining good hydration and nutrition. Regarding pharmacological therapy, neither bronchodilators nor corticosteroids have significant efficacy in the treatment of bronchiolitis. However, some studies suggest that adrenaline and nebulizer 3% saline showed some benefit only in terms of outcome. The current recommendation also supports the use of Palivizumab as prophylaxis in certain groups of infants and young children.