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Background: Monotherapy for liver dysfunction in diabetes is less effective. This study investigated the effect of combined linagliptin and metformin therapy on liver function in diabetic rats. Methods and materials: Sixty-four matured male (200-300 g) Wistar rats were used. Diabetes was induced with 35 mg/kb.wt streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The rats were grouped into eight groups (n = 8). Group I: control; Group II: control + 10 mg/kg body weight linagliptin; Group III: control + 200 mg/kg body weight metformin; Group IV; control + 10 mg/kg body weight linagliptin + 200 mg/kg body weight metformin; Group V: diabetic; Group VI: diabetic + 10 mg/kg body weight linagliptin; Group VII: diabetic + 200 mg/kg body weight metformin; Group VIII: diabetic + 10 mg/kg body weight linagliptin + 200 mg/kg body weight metformin. After the animal was sacrificed, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical assay. Results: Insulin, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde and inflammatory makers increased (p < 0.05) significantly. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), liver antioxidant, glycogen, and glycogen synthase were reduced significantly in diabetic rats. Linagliptin and metformin administration single and combined reduced the insulin, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, inflammatory makers and increased the HDL-cholesterol, liver antioxidant, glycogen and glycogen synthase in diabetic rats.Conclusion: Linagliptin monotherapy alone efficiently controls hyperglycemia and remarkably improves liver functions. Combining linagliptin and metformin could be used as safe and effective therapy for liver dysfunction progression in diabetes.

Introduction: Forensic psychology plays a critical role in the criminal justice system, bridging the gap between psychology and law enforcement. One of its most significant applications is in criminal profiling, which involves the analysis of crime scene evidence, behavioral patterns, and psychological indicators to construct a profile of potential offenders. This study explores the intersection of forensic psychology and criminal profiling, focusing on how psychological principles aid in understanding and predicting criminal behavior.Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of criminal profiling as a tool in criminal investigations, and to examine the methodologies that underpin profiling practices as a vital tool in the field of forensic sciences.Methodology: Qualitative content analysis of documented criminal cases from reputable journals were reviewed for this study. Related articles were searched for from Google Scholar and Research Gate using the Keywords. A selection of high-profile cases where profiling significantly contributed to suspect identification were analyzed to assess the practical utility of psychological profiling.Results: The results indicate that while criminal profiling is not a standalone solution, it offers valuable insights when integrated with traditional investigative techniques. Psychological constructs such as personality disorders, cognitive distortions, and behavioral consistency were found to be instrumental in building accurate profiles. However, the findings also highlight challenges including subjectivity, bias, and the risk of stereotyping, potentially compromising investigative objectivity.Conclusion: Forensic psychology, through the application of criminal profiling, provides a powerful adjunct to investigative procedures. When used responsibly and in conjunction with empirical data and forensic evidence, profiling can enhance the efficiency and direction of criminal investigations. Continued research and standardization of profiling methodologies are essential to maximize its reliability and effectiveness in modern forensic practice. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the practical roles and limitations of forensic psychology’s role in the pursuit of justice.

Introduction: Pleomorphic Carcinoma (PC) is a subset of poorly differentiated non–small cell lung cancer that is diagnostically challenging because it is a rare malignancy of the lung. It shows varying dual-cell components; spindle or giant cells and epithelial cells.Method: We report a case of 68-year-old non-smoking female who presented with cough, fever, pain in the left side of chest & weight loss of recent onset and an abnormal shadow on her chest X-ray. Computed tomography of chest revealed a well defined heterogeneously enhancing cavitatory soft tissue lesion in the posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe with mediastinal lymphadenopathy.Results: Fine needle aspiration cytology& percutaneous lung biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated malignant tumor. Patient underwent a left lower lobectomy. A diagnosis of PC was confirmed after Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Mutation analysis revealed an EGFR exon 21 mutation within the tumor cells. The patient is on Gefitinib based chemotherapy and has remained disease-free for three years post-surgery.Conclusion: PC of the lung is a rare pathological entity. Definite diagnosis may only be made on a resected tumor along with the use of IHC. Surgical resection is the main modality of the treatment. Such rare cases should be documented to establish an optimal management plan and to provide a further insight to targeted therapy.

Cannabis sativum has long been used globally for hallucination. However, detrimental effects on female reproduction have never been studied. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate cannabinoid-induced oxidative stress and reproductive containment in female mice. Fifteen adult female Parkes strain mice were randomly chosen from institutional animal houses (n = 5/group) with ad libitum access to water and food. Animals were grouped into control (vehicle-treated), treated with 6mg of cannabis/100 g of body weight, and 12 mg of cannabis/100 g of body weight. After 15 days all animals were sacrificed and tissues were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry, and estimations of different parameters. Histology and immunohistochemistry (of Cannabinoid Receptor 1; CB1) were performed following standardized protocols. All parameters were estimated either by standard biochemical protocols or by kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. Stress parameters (Super Oxide Dismutase; SOD, Catalase, CAT; Malonaldehyde, MDA and Glutathione Peroxidase; GPx), apoptotic parameters of thecal cells (by Caspase-3 assay), serum level of Estrogen (E2), steroidogenic parameters (3β Hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase; 3β HSD and 17β Hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase; 17β HSD) and expression of CB1 were noted in ovary. Data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (One-way ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range post hoc Test. We found a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in steroidogenic parameters and a significant increase (p < 0.05)in free radical and apoptotic parameters and CB1 receptor expressions upon dose-dependent cannabis treatment. We may conclude that chronic treatment of cannabis causes reproductive containment in females which has never been addressed previously.