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In today’s busy world, people don’t even have the time to fall ill. Diseases don’t just demand time but also physical efforts, mental peace, loss of work, distress of loved ones and financial loss. According to a report published in Harvard business review, each year in India, 39 million people are pushed into poverty by out-of-pocket payments for healthcare, with households on average devoting 5.8% of their expenditures to medical care [1].

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is characterized by progressive liver tissue damage and is an important risk factor for mortality due to renal and cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, randomized clinical trials have investigated the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SLGT2) inhibitors as a promising therapy for patients with CKD and T2DM. This study aimed to analyze the benefits of using SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with CKD and T2DM to reduce mortality risks. To this end, a qualitative, descriptive methodological approach was adopted using a literature review in the PubMed, Embase, and VHL databases. The inclusion criteria were clinical trial articles, randomized or non-randomized, cohort studies, case-control studies, and open access, published in Portuguese and English, between 2018 and 2023 with topics associated with SGLT2 inhibitors, CDK, and T2DM patients. In this context, it was observed that the risk of death from CKD in patients treated with Canaglifozin was 30% lower than in those treated with a placebo and that Dapaglifozin prolonged survival. In this context, when assessing the progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes in patients taking Empagliflozin, only 13.1% achieved the outcome compared to 16.9% on placebo, so the drug safely reduces the risk of mortality. Consequently, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown excellent results in the treatment of CDK and T2DM, with a reduction in the risk of mortality, positive effects on reducing renal and cardiovascular outcomes, as well as prolonging survival.

In many sectors, ranging from sports and military operations to professional settings (notably cognitive enhancement); human performance augmentation has been an enduring ambition. The idea behind this movement, known as human enhancement, has evolved over time from simple means of training to the improvement or augmentation of physical ability through recent developments in fields such as pharmaceuticals and implantable devices that can enhance natural abilities. They span from pharmaceutical agents to wearable technologies used for sophisticated self-experimentation, which offer promise but also present ethical, health, and societal risks Performance-Enhancing Drugs are used to enhance the performance of humans in one way or another as a basic idea. The categories of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) included are Stimulants: Stimulant drugs, including amphetamines and caffeine (in the form of coffee) have been used for thousands of endeavours and physical stamina for decades. There have been many sources of controversy in the sporting world due to use or misuse and side-effectual restrictions. The release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and allowing muscles to grow big, and fast. Nevertheless, the consumption of anabolic steroids is strictly controlled because it has side effects and complications such as liver damage, hormonal imbalances, and greater aggression. Erythropoietin EPO is a hormone that produces red blood cells, and increased oxygen delivery to muscle. EPO Athletes and even more notably endurance athletes (such as cyclists) have a storied history of abusing this performance-enhancing agent to build stamina. However, the misuse of this drug can be very hazardous, as it causes complications such as blood clotting and heart issues.

Background: Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) are rare, but the diagnosis should not be missed because of the limb and life threatening complications. The purpose of this study was to reach a consensus about the management of PAA based on our own experience and the available literature. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent an open surgical PAA repair at our institution from January 2015 to December 2016. Demographic data, risk factors, clinical presentation, aneurysm characteristics, type of repair and results were reviewed. Results include patency and major complications. Results: Seven patients underwent an open surgical PAA repair (six men). Median age was 72 years. A posterior approach (PA) was chosen four times and a medial approach (MA) was chosen three times. We performed six resections with interposition of a graft and only one ligation with a bypass. Five patients recovered well, did not develop any complication and did not need a second intervention to guarantee patency. These patients underwent a resection of the aneurysm and interposition of a graft (four via a PA and one via a MA). One patient treated by resection and interposition of a Dacron graft via a MA underwent an above-the-knee amputation at postoperative day 14. This patient had a preoperatively dysfunctional leg since several months with no patent outflow vessels. Our patient treated by ligation and bypass via a MA, developed an acute ischemia four months postoperatively because of an extreme flexion of the knee during several hours while watching TV. After unsuccessful trombolysis, he underwent a femorotibial bypass and a partial forefoot amputation. No long-term results are yet available. Conclusions: In our opinion, open surgical repair of PAAs by resection of the aneurysm and interposition of a venous graft has the best results. Depending on the relation to the knee joint and thus the accessibility of the aneurysm, a posterior approach is preferred. We are not convinced of endovascular techniques in the treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms

Chronic occlusive arterial disease of the periphery is primarily caused by atherosclerotic disease. In young patients with no identifi able risk factors for atherosclerosis, who present with symptoms of claudication or critical ischemia, other rare causes need to be suspected. Cystic adventitial disease is one such condition affecting young healthy patients. Although it has been reported most commonly in relation to the popliteal artery, other sites including the iliac artery can also get affected. Isolated short segment stenosis or occlusion can lead to signifi cant disabling symptoms restricted to one side. Imaging studies show pristine arterial anatomy with no evidence of systemic atherosclerotic disease and an isolated area of luminal stenosis. Defi nitive treatment involves open surgical excision with interposition grafting for optimal long-term results. We report a case of cystic adventitial disease affecting the external iliac artery in an otherwise healthy young man. 

Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) and its prevention and treatment are very important to reduce patient morbility and mortality. PD-related peritonitis can be caused by many germs; in most cases Gram-Positive Cocci (GPC) are responsible. In our report instead, we present the first case, to our knowledge, of peritonitis due to Chryseobacteriumgleum in a peritoneal dialysis patient.Our aim is to make known this type of opportunistic pathogen that can survive in a hospital environment so as to prevent C.gleum-related peritonitis. The rapid identification of this pathogen in the laboratory is very important for guiding therapy and preventing further complications.

The increasing reliance on digital health services, particularly in light of recent global health crises, has highlighted the importance of eHealth literacy. This study explores the role of eHealth literacy in managing health outcomes, with a specific focus on gender disparities. Using data from the “Truck Tour-Banca del Cuore 2023” survey, which included 354 participants, we examined how integrated technology influences health monitoring and management strategies. Our findings underscore the critical role of eHealth literacy in improving health outcomes and reducing gender disparities, particularly in the context of digital health interventions.

58-year-old male patient who came to the dermatology service for a clinical picture consisting of generalized erythematous scaly and pruritic lesions of 2 years of evolution. The clinical judgments provided were: pityriasis versicolor, drop psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris and secondary syphilis (without serology confirming this last hypothesis then). A biopsy of a lesion located on the right costal side was performed. The serology was negative in a second time.

Modern medicine has achieved phenomenal success in many areas, turning into a visual and tangible reality the embodiment of some phenomena that in previous years could only be read in works of science fiction.

Sleep disorders represent a significant public health concern due to their widespread prevalence, impact on overall health, and the economic burden they impose. These disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions, ranging from insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and parasomnias. They are often associated with comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic dysfunctions, and mental health disorders, making their identification and management critical.The publication of this work is of high interest as it contributes to the expanding body of literature focused on understanding the complex interplay between sleep disorders and health outcomes. By presenting detailed case reports, this study provides valuable insights into the diagnostic challenges, treatment modalities, and potential avenues for personalized interventions in sleep medicine. Case reports are particularly important in this field as they shed light on unique presentations and rare conditions that might otherwise go unnoticed in large-scale epidemiological studies. From an epidemiological perspective, sleep disorders are highly prevalent globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 30% - 45% of the global population experiences sleep disturbances. Obstructive sleep apnea, for instance, affects nearly 1 billion individuals worldwide, with varying prevalence across age, gender, and geographic regions. Insomnia affects roughly 10% - 30% of adults, with rates as high as 50% - 60% in older populations.Meanwhile, narcolepsy, though rare, is estimated to affect 1 in 2,000 people in the general population. These statistics underscore the pressing need for enhanced diagnostic methods, improved treatment strategies, and comprehensive patient management. By detailing real-world cases, this publication aims to bridge the gap between clinical observations and broader scientific understanding. The insights gained from these case studies have the potential to inform future research directions, improve clinical practices, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes in sleep medicine.Sleep disorders affect millions of individuals globally, disrupting physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Conditions such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are among the most studied. This paper examines the etiology, diagnosis, and management of sleep disorders, presenting detailed case reports and integrating relevant sleep study findings. Figures such as polysomnography (PSG) outputs and statistical trends provide visual insights into diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Sleep disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that significantly disrupt sleep quality and overall well-being. Common disorders such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) affect millions globally, posing risks to physical health, mental stability, and cognitive performance. This study explores the clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management of sleep disorders through the lens of detailed case reports and sleep study data.Polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard for sleep disorder diagnosis, plays a pivotal role in identifying abnormal sleep patterns, respiratory irregularities, and neural disruptions. Multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) and actigraphy complement PSG, offering insights into disorders like narcolepsy and circadian rhythm abnormalities. This paper presents three representative case reports: chronic insomnia, severe OSA, and narcolepsy with cataplexy. Each case is analyzed in-depth, highlighting patient history, PSG findings, treatment interventions, and outcomes. For chronic insomnia, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and pharmacological intervention resulted in marked improvements in sleep latency and efficiency. In the OSA case, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy significantly reduced the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and alleviated daytime symptoms. The narcolepsy case demonstrates the efficacy of modafinil and sodium oxybate in managing excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.Despite advancements, challenges persist in the field, including patient adherence to therapy, accessibility to specialized sleep studies, and the ethical implications of AI-driven diagnostic tools. Future research should focus on scalable, patient-centric approaches and the role of emerging technologies in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. This paper aims to contribute to the evolving understanding of sleep disorders, bridging clinical case insights with the broader implications for sleep health and research.