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From the energy involved in a physical or chemical process, part of it cannot be utilised as work. Entropy S is the thermodynamic quantity that is the measure of this energy where the concept of entropy was first introduced by Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) in 1865. Entropy is also a basic and general conception that deals with “order” (low entropy) and “disorder” (high entropy) of all systems in the universe from human body and up to the star systems. With the development of science entropy deviates from treatment of subjects related to heat and work and currently it is used also to analyse knowledge as well as in economics. 

Blood plays an important role in oxygen absorption and its transfer to organs and tissues in vertebrates, as well as in a number of invertebrate species. Numerous interactions between cellular and non-cellular blood components constantly occur. A special role in these interactions belongs to erythrocytes and leukocytes, between which oxygen is constantly exchanged and activated, which we showed directly in whole blood. Blood is a liquid tissue, which is a complex cooperative system and has many inherent functions and the most important one is the ability to maintain the homeostasis of the body. Our experience has shown that despite its high optical density, undiluted blood of humans and animals can be a source of radiation due to the transformation of the energy of electron-excited (EEE) states and secondary processes occurring in the whole blood system. Parameters of this radiation - ultra-weak photons emission (UWPE) from blood - depend upon its physiological properties and reflect the physiological state of a donor. Analysis of UWPE from non-diluted blood is a simple and sensitive method that allows to monitor the course of treatment of a patient. In spite of high opacity of non-diluted blood it may be a strong source of UWPE both in the presence and absence of UWPE enhancers. Analysis of patterns of UWPE from blood reveals its highly non-linear, stable non-equilibrium and cooperative properties. Characteristic of a living system.

Background: The search for antimalarial molecules from plants necessitates comparative studies of ethnomedicinal antimalarial plants to quickly identify those that may be used in further search. Therefore, the median lethal dose, LD50, and the antiplasmodial activities of the methanol extracts of the stem barks of Anthocleista vogelii, Bligha sapida, Voacanga africana, and the leaf of Momordica charantia were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected mice using prophylactic, chemosuppressive, and curative models to compare their activities and identify the most active for further evaluation. Methods: The plant materials were collected, authenticated, and voucher specimens were deposited at the Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium, OAU, Ile-Ife. They were separately macerated in methanol, and the median lethal dose, LD50 determined using Lorke’s method. The percentage parasitaemia, percentage reduction, chemosuppression and clearance, survival time, and percentage survivor of each, in the three models of antiplasmodial test against Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice were assessed. Pyrimethamine and Chloroquine were positive controls, while normal saline was a negative control. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student Newman-Keuls post hoc test (p < 0.05) was used for the analysis of data. Results and Conclusion: The lowest prophylactic ED50 and ED90 values 304 and 624 mg/kg of AV, comparable chemosuppressive ED50 values of all extracts and the significantly (p < 0.05) lower values of ED50 and ED90 of MC and VA in the curative assay can guide the selection of the plant extract(s) for further antimalarial evaluation.

Hypertrophy of the adenoid is a rare condition in adults, often suspicious of malignancy. We present a case of a 31-year-old female with a clinical presentation of a giant nasopharyngeal mass, clinically suspicious for malignancy, given the size and greyish discoloration. She presented with left-side otalgia, hearing loss, and nasal obstruction. After broad investigations on adenoid tissue following adenectomy, a reassuring diagnosis of adenovirus-related adenoiditis could be made. This case demonstrates the importance of broad microbiological testing in ruling out malignancies. The patient recovered completely. 

For the first time, the interaction between Hydrogen atom and Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) is simulated. The conversion efficiency of High-order Harmonic Generation (HHG) can be enhanced by utilizing a two-color free electron laser with frequency multiplication. It is found that the conversion efficiency of HHG is improved to the largest extent when fourth-fold frequency multiplication is introduced into two-color FEL. The microscopic mechanism of improving the efficiency of HHG is analyzed and discussed.

It is still not well known the prognostic cardiovascular value of 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the pregnant woman with hypertension. Objectives: Assess to the prognostic value of ABPM parameters in predicting maternofetal event. Methods: Retrospective and observational study which included 166 pregnant women. Results: The authors found that the night time DBP was the best predictor of adverse events. Non-dipper profile had worse survival at follow up until delivery compared to those with a dipper profile. Conclusions: ABPM is a tool for pregnant with HT because this is the unique method available that analyses the night blood pressure.

A gossypiboma is a mass of cotton material from any source, left in a body cavity after a surgical procedure. This enhances the morbidity, cost of treatment and potential mortality to the patient with the addition of medicolegal issues. We report a case of a 32 year old lady who presented with complaints of central abdominal pain and vomiting for 1 month, fever for 20 days and non-passage of flatus and faeces for 5 days. She had undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy 4 months prior. On clinical examination, adhesive small intestinal obstruction was suspected. On CECT evaluation, a gossypiboma was suggested to have possibly migrated into the small bowel. Laparotomy revealed the presence of clumped bowel loops, which on dissection got torn and showed a gauze like material within the bowel lumen. A diagnosis of gossypiboma with intestinal migration of a retained surgical sponge was ascertained. The possibility of a gossypiboma, particularly in previously operated cases, must be kept in mind and measures must be taken to prevent such incidences.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is gold standard and most widely performed surgery for gallstone disease all over the world. Surgeons entering into the field of laparoscopic surgery for the first time faces challenges that are different from those with experienced hands. We in this study tried to enumerate the various such challenges and also recommend few steps to counter them. Aims & Objectives: To study the challenges faced by new surgeons in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and recommendations to reduce them. Material & Methods: This study was carried out in a medical college in the department of General and Minimal Access surgery. In this retrospective study, ten general surgeons working as senior residents in in this medical college over a period of 3 years having never performed laparoscopic surgery in past were included. Results: A total of 50 cases, five operated by each surgeon with minimal assistance by senior surgeon in few cases. Operative time varied from 90 to 120 minutes. The various technical challenges faced by the new surgeon were in the Creation of Pneumoperitoneum, Creation of second port (epigastric port 10mm), Gallbladder Retraction and Dissection at calot’s triangle, Dissection at gallbladder bed and Removal of the gallbladder from epigastric port.it has been observed that following various simple steps will abate these technical difficulties for these beginners while doing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed minimal access surgical procedure nowadays and almost all the new surgeons enter the world of laparoscopic surgery via this surgery. Knowing and following the above recommendations will help them abate the technical challenges generally faced during the initial phase in the laparoscopic field.

A 35-year-old man presented with swelling in the lower abdomen for 2 months. He was found to have left undescended testis. An ultrasound scan showed a solid floating pelvic mass. His chest x-ray and tumour markers for testicular cancer were normal. Exploratory laparotomy revealed the left intra-abdominal testicular tumour. Intra-abdominal left orchiectomy was performed. The patient made an uneventful recovery. Histology showed immature seminoma. A mass in the lower abdomen with a cryptorchidic testis strongly points towards the diagnosis of malignancy in abdominal testis. To prevent this complication all undescended testis gets orchiopexy before 2nd year or orchiectomy in post-adolescent life. But some cases remain unnoticed, which leads to this kind of presentation. So, we decided to present this rare and interesting case of intra-abdominal testicular tumour.

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between work-stress, depression and anxiety among six major professionals (doctors, engineers, bankers, nurses, teachers, and lawyers). The inquiry included 260 professionals from different private and governmental sector organizations of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Job Stress Scale and the subscales of Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale for depression and anxiety were administered. Based on the hypotheses, a strong positive correlation was found between work stress and depression & anxiety. The current study revealed that stress at work not only prevailed among different Pakistani professionals on severely alarming levels but significantly contributed in developing depression and anxiety.