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Background: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is bleeding from the genital tract after 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman over the age of 50, or 24 months if below the age of 50 years, in 10% of women presented with PMB, the cause is endometrial cancer.Purpose: To assess the clinical presentation types and outcomes of diagnostic measures provided for women presenting with PMB at Saad Abu-Alela Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.Methodology: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at Saad Abu-Alela Teaching Hospital in the period from January to December 2022.An interview questionnaire was used for data collection. Fifty-nine (59) postmenopausal women were included in this study, age, parity, risk factors, duration of bleeding, duration of menopause, ultrasound findings, and hysteroscopy findings were recorded.Results: The majority of study participants were aged between 50-54 years, menopause duration was most 1-4 years, most of the participants were educated and medically free, DM and HTN, and most of the participants were multiparous. Duration of PMB ranged between weeks in a third of cases and up to more than a year in some cases, amount of bleeding was mild in more than half. Ultrasound is used to assess the endometrial thickness and other findings, also hysteroscopy and biopsy or Dilation and curettage and hysterectomy.Conclusion: The ultrasound and endometrial biopsy via inpatient hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage were the best tools for evaluation of (PMB), benign conditions were the most frequent outcome and endometrial cancer.

The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV has become a bane to mankind and spread worldwide and infected many people. Thus, there is an urgent need of a cure for the severe pneumonia disease caused by this virus. In this study, In silico comparative analysis has been done for HIV protease inhibitors on coronavirus 3CLpro protein which has shown the major interactions and common amino acid residues involved in interactions. The amino acid interaction analysis has revealed two amino acids ARG4, LYS5 to be the major amino acids targets among selected ligands. The binding energy analysis has also revealed Cobicistat as one of these best suited ligand for 3CLpro.

Background and Purpose: Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological diagnosis found in 1-4 per million people. Rehabilitation is recommended secondary to steroid treatment. There is limited clinical research on physical therapy (PT) for TM. The purpose of this case report is to present PT examination and management strategies for a patient with TM. Case Description: A 25-year-old female patient diagnosed with TM was referred to PT. She presented foot drop causing ataxic gait, decreased sensation in bilateral lower extremities, significant fatigue, and low back pain. The patient required significant rest time between all tests and measures due to severely increased fatigue. PT plan of care was focused on therapeutic exercises per patient tolerance, passive range of motion (ROM) administered by the therapist, and gait training when activity tolerance was increased. Outcomes: The patient was able to tolerate bouts of exercise as prescribed through home exercise program. She responded very well to passive ROM treatment during breaks between exercises to maintain ROM and decrease rigidity. Active ROM exercise was used to build activity tolerance while being mindful of limited ability due to fatigue. Upon increased activity tolerance, the patient was able to tolerate gait training with multiple breaks and maintain corrected gait when addressed during treatment. Discussion: PT intervention was helpful for this patient with TM. Breaking down functional activities based on patient tolerance is important when treating people with TM. More experimental research is needed to support the benefits of PT for TM.

This study investigated the effect of Portland cement on stabilization of heavy metal contaminated clayey soils that may give range of geo environemntal benefits. The absolute concentration of heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) were measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). A series of laboratory scale experiments such as unconfined compression test (UCT), pH test and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) were performed to study the effects of curing time and cement content on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and leaching characteristics of heavy metals. According to results, excessive concentration of heavy metals are present in the topsoil of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) among which Pb, Zn and Cd were most prominent. Other test results showed that the dry density of both C4 and C8 soil samples increases with curing time. Similarly the compressive strength (qu)of C4 and C8 samples at 21 d of curing increases by 40% (113 kPa-288 kPa) and 15% (745kPa-864 kPa) respectively, as compared to the 7 d of curing. Besides, the test results showed a prominent decrease in the leached concentration of heavy metals with increasing curing time.

Ethnomedicine, synonymous with traditional medicine, is a crucial healthcare system practiced by various ethnic groups worldwide, especially among those with limited access to modern Western medicine. This study explores the rich bio-cultural diversity of the North Central Western Ghats in Karnataka, India, which harbors diverse ethnomedicinal practices. The region's tropical forests are home to an extensive array of plant species, with over 600 endemic to southern India and 95 exclusively endemic to Karnataka. The research focuses on documenting and analyzing the traditional knowledge of local communities regarding the use of plants for treating various human diseases. However, this task presents significant challenges and requires collaborative efforts from the government, NGOs, and Herbal Drug Companies. Over the last decade, ethnomedicinal studies have seen a rise, but there is still limited understanding of ethnomedicine's role in the traditional healthcare system in India. The forests of North Central Western Ghats, including Agumbe, Arbail Ghat, Chorla Betta, and others, exhibit a combination of deciduous and evergreen vegetation. These forests hold a variety of medicinal plants, adding to the region's bio-cultural richness. Scientific validation of the locally used ethnomedicinal plants further supports the development of herbal drug formulations with the support of the Ministry of Ayush, enabling the conservation and sustainable utilization of threatened and endangered species. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional healers' knowledge and promoting collaboration for the preservation of ethnomedicinal practices in the region.

Depressive disorders are so frequent and disabling health conditions which have been inarguably accepted to be a public health concern [1]. Many drugs have been developed to treat depression, however the efficacy of the antidepressants are inadequate particularly for mild or moderate depression [2-4]. It is also mentioned that when considering the trials about the treatment effect of the antidepressants, you should be careful about the results because of reflecting a small proportion of the society [4]. Despite the methodological issues related to the controversial results about the antidepressant efficacy, a recent review showed that the antidepressant effects of the drugs persist in a six month period [5,6].

Age estimation is an essential aspect of profile building in forensic investigations. Age estimation using teeth is one of the exciting applications of Forensic Odontology because teeth can survive post-mortem damage, so it is considered more suitable for age estimation. This study aims to estimate the age of individuals using the Cameriere method on teeth in various countries. The approach used in this research is a literature review study design compiled based on the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines from several articles with a period from 2007-2024. Scientific articles that meet the criteria will be analyzed using the Cameriere method to estimate the age of individuals. The search yielded 222 studies and only 12 scientific articles that met the requirements from the specified articles obtained. The population represents countries from various countries. The sample was in the age range of 4 years - 16 years. The results showed that the Cameriere method can be used to estimate the age of individuals quite accurately in various countries. However, there were some differences in accuracy between countries when using this method.

Background: The Intercostal Stretch Technique is one of the physiotherapy techniques that is used to solve different respiratory problems. It is used for increasing chest expansion and diaphragm excursion improvement and also intra-thoracic lung volume. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the intercostal stretch technique.Methodology: A narrative review. In this study, an RCT study was used to review the intervention.Results: Several articles are used to discuss the effectiveness of the intercostal stretch technique. In stable COPD, diaphragmatic breathing and the intercostal stretch technique both work equally well to improve chest expansion and functional capacity while lowering dyspnea. Research has shown that IC stretch outperforms the anterior basal lift technique in lowering heart and respiratory rates while increasing oxygen saturation. According to this study, IC stretching in conjunction with breathing control may improve dynamic lung parameters, particularly FEV1/FVC%, more than breathing control alone. Patients with COPD have an increased functional exercise capacity and reduced dyspnea when aerobic training and respiratory muscle stretching are combined. Conclusion: Different articles demonstrated that IC stretch improved lung function, expired tidal volume, decreased dyspnea, and increased chest expansion.

Heftiness, a mind boggling interchange among ecological and hereditary factors and is related with critical horribleness and mortality. Utilization of herbs for the administration of heftiness in the ongoing occasions is pulling in consideration. A web and manual based writing overview was led to survey the measure of data accessible on the natural items for weight administration. Customary writing, PubMed, Scopus, Google researcher databases were screened up to February 2012. The pursuit words were “stoutness”, “home grown medication/items/separates”, “restorative plants”, “customary drug”, “Ayurvedic prescription” without narrowing/constraining looking words or components. Distributions just with edited compositions/full articles and books were inspected in the pursuit. In light of the accessible writing, for huge numbers of the natural and weight reduction items, there is minimal distributed data and there have been no clinical preliminaries or the level of proof is restricted. Our writing study additionally demonstrated that these home grown items fall under an adequate level of proof or with no scientific foundation by any stretch of the imagination, or they have a logical discerning however not to an acknowledgment level. Endeavors were made in the audit to characterize the highlights of conceivable natural weight reduction item. A perfect home grown enemy of stoutness item ought to diminish the weight by 10% over fake treatment of treatment by demonstrating a proof of change of bio markers like blood pres-beyond any doubt, lipids and glycemia with no reactions.

Objectives: This study aims to introduce and differentiate between traditional craze lines and a newly identified type of line in enamel, termed an “internal craze line.” This novel classification enhances diagnostic precision and carries significant clinical implications for treatment strategies. The goal is to provide a clear description of these two types of lines, discuss their unique clinical implications, and highlight their differing appearances and staining characteristics, contributing to improved understanding and management of enamel anomalies.Method and materials: Four extracted teeth exhibiting visible and internal craze lines were selected and examined using a stereo microscope to observe the structural characteristics of the lines. Cross-sections of the coronal parts of the teeth were prepared to document the differences between traditional craze lines (extending from the dentin-enamel junction [DEJ] to the enamel surface) and internal craze lines (originating at the DEJ but terminating midway through the enamel). Additionally, intraoral observations were conducted under high magnification to identify the visual differences between the two types of lines, noting that traditional craze lines can be stained while internal craze lines cannot.Results: Microscopic examination revealed two distinct types of lines: traditional craze lines extending from the DEJ to the enamel surface and internal craze lines terminating within the enamel. Intraoral observations confirmed that these lines could be distinguished under high magnification. Traditional craze lines appear as continuous lines reaching the enamel surface and can be stained, whereas internal craze lines are shorter, do not extend to the surface, and cannot be stained.Conclusion: The identification of internal craze lines presents significant clinical implications. Differentiating between traditional and internal craze lines can enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform treatment decisions. Recognizing internal craze lines might indicate different etiologies or risk profiles compared to traditional craze lines, influencing preventive and therapeutic strategies in dental practice. Further research is needed to explore the prevalence, causes, and long-term impacts of internal craze lines.