Most Viewed Articles

Hairy polyp and choristoma are rare benign developmental malformations. Hairy polyp mainly occurs in the nasopharynx whereas choristoma occurs in the dorsum of the tongue. Aetiology and pathogenesis of both hairy polyp and choristoma still remain unknown. Diagnosis is made by histological examination and complete excision is the treatment of choice. We report a case of hairy polyp and choristoma on the palate and the dorsum of the tongue respectively in a seventeen days old baby.

Among eye diseases, cataract is the most commonly encountered lens disease and the leading cause of reduced vision. Cataract caused by radiation develops due to neck & head, central nervous system tumors, eye localized tumors and total body irradiation. Today, the only treatment of cataract is surgery. Beta radiation is seen to have an important place both in the etiology and treatment of cataract. Beta-radiation creates cataract in the lens as an adverse effect. However, beta radiation implementation is used for delay or prevention of cataract in glaucoma surgery. Effects of beta-radiation on the etiology and treatment should be supported by further prospective clinical studies.

The work is an attempt to create a complete system of conditions which influence genesis, existence, and response characteristics of stapedial reflex in impedance audiometry. The author divides the conditions into the internal-reflex arc integrity, temporal acoustic summation, mixed-external auditory meatus and middle ear, and internal-side of stimulation and energy content of the stimulus. The system of conditions that influence stapedial reflex is based on a criterion, that stapedial reflex depends on energy, which is percepted by the inner ear as subjective loudness. The system of conditions stated in this work is based mainly on the author’s own experiments and measurements, which are herein also documented. At the same time, these results are in accordance with data in literature as quoted. This system is not closed-it potentially may be completed using the basic criterion and further knowledge.

The Cloquet’s canal (CC) is the remnant of the primary vitreous and it disappears in the intrauterine developmental period of an eye. Rarely it can persist in mature eyes and cause low visual acuity. We detected a persistent CC and low visual acuity in a 36 year-old patient. Fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography examinations were completely normal in our case and low visual acuity was directly associated with opacification of the fibrovascular persistent CC tissue. Persistent CC can cause low visual acuity due to directly media opacity effect of fibrovascular tissue without any complication. 

With the global population predicted to grow by at least 25% by 2050, the need for sustainable production of nutritious foods is important for human and environmental health. Recent progress demonstrate that membrane transporters can be used to improve yields of staple crops, increase nutrient content and resistance to key stresses, including salinity, which in turn could expand available arable land. Exposure to salt stress affects plant water relations and creates ionic stress in the form of the cellular accumulation of Na+ and Cl− ions. However, salt stress also impacts heavily on the homeostasis of other ions such as Ca2+, K+, and NO3- and therefore requires insights into how transport and compartmentation of these nutrients are altered during salinity stress. Since Na+ interferes with K+ homeostasis, maintaining a balanced cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio has become a key salinity tolerance mechanism. Achieving this homeostatic balance requires the activity of Na+ and K+ transporters and/or channels. The aim of this review is to seek answers to this question by examining the role of major ions transporters and channels in ions uptake, translocation and intracellular homeostasis in plants.

During the 2018 season, superficial dry and firm black spots, where sometimes an aerial mycelium developed, appeared on the rind of easy peeler mandarins causing high economic losses in fresh citrus exports from Perú. In this work, we have identified the causal agent, a species of Cladosporium not previously reported as a citrus pathogen. The pathogen was isolated from rind lesions of affected fruit and was identified by sequencing as Cladosporium ramotenellum; and fulfilment of Koch postulates was proven. This species was present on the surface of immature fruit in the groves, indicating that the infection is likely initiated before harvest. Cladosporium ramotenellum is resistant to the postharvest fungicides imazalil, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole, but sensitive to propiconazole, prochloraz, and ortho-phenylphenol. We designed a postharvest industrial treatment to decrease the Cladosporium sp. load on the fruit surface that limited the incidence of infection and reduced the postharvest losses caused by the fungus. Although this species is quite ubiquitous, this is the first description of C. ramotenellum causing decay of citrus fruit, being the symptoms of this disease similar to the ones described previously and caused by Cladosporium cladosporoides in cv. Satsuma mandarins from Japan.

The radioactive isomer was initially used to characterize persistent excited atomic states, much like molecular isomers, more than a century ago. Otto Hahn made the first atomic isomer discovery in 1921.  Subsequently, it was gradually discovered that there are several kinds of nuclear isomers, such as spin isomer, K isomer, seniority isomer, and “shape and fission” isomer.  Isomers are essential to the nucleosynthesis of astrophysical materials. High-accuracy nuclear reaction rate inputs are anticipated while carrying out a celestial nucleosynthesis net computation, even though a single reaction rate can have a significant impact on the whole astronomical evolutionary network. The isotopes are often considered to be in their initial state or to have levels populated in accordance with the thermal-equilibrium distribution of chances when computing nuclear synthesis rates. After all, certain isomers may have lives that reach millions of years or perhaps beyond the age of the cosmos. Thus, in an astrophysics event, such isomers might not be thermally equilibrium. Some atomic isomers—that is, astrometry—should be considered special isotopes since they are crucial to nucleosynthesis. Nuclear batteries can also be produced using nuclear isomers. Similar to the weak force, in certain specific cases such as isomer decays, the electromagnetic force could be crucial for nuclear changes. It is important to note that radioactive isomer states and radioactive ground states are not the same thing.  Durable nuclear states of excitement provide insight into the nuclear framework and potential uses. Atomic and molecular changes become interconnected when the connection to the electrons in atoms is made possible by the existence of em decay routes from isomers. Notably renowned chemical decay process is inner conversion. Its inverted, nuclear excitement by free capture of electrons has been observed; however, it is debatable and needs more investigation. This study describes the connection connecting radioactive and molecular changes and discusses instances of manipulating nuclear moves related to isomers using external electromagnetic fields.

In the twentieth century, the works of W. Wien, M. Planck and A. Einstein. Lord Rayleigh, Sh. Bose, L. Landau, M. Weinstein, Yu. Chukova and P. Landsberg [1-5] created a new science – quantum thermodynamics, which formulated the law of the efficiency of conversion of electromagnetic radiation into other types of energy for isothermal processes in open thermodynamic systems. This efficiency is of the greatest interest since the whole living world is a huge factory of isothermal processes.

The adjusted Hardy-Rogers result generalization for the fixed point is demonstrated in this study, validating our results utilizing an application.