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Introduction: Nursing theories are critical as they drive nursing education, practice, and research. Neuman Systems Model (NSM) considers a person a complete system with integrated psychological, physiological, spiritual, social, and developmental components. Nurses give their patients physical, emotional, and psychological assistance and are subjected to mental and physical pressure due to these responsibilities, impacting their health, psychological well-being, and interpersonal relationships. This paper aims to perform a concept analysis of stressors proposed in NSM about lines of defense and the level of preventive interventions that can affect a person’s well-being. Further, this paper discusses knowledge generation through NSM’s applicability to preventing exhaustion and burnout among nurses. Methodology: This theoretical attempt is carried out using the theory analysis approach suggested by Walker and Avant (2019).Discussion: Nursing is a career that requires a great deal of dedication and personal engagement. Nurses are subjected to recurrent stresses due to technological advances and rising demands. Burnout occurs when nurses get discouraged and have less compassion for the patients due to recurrent burdens. Stress and burnout are two of the most common reasons for nurses to quit hospitals. The NSM is concerned with stresses that may affect a person’s health and well-being (prediction). Nurses assist patients at the most vulnerable and challenging times, such as surgical procedures, traumas and personal and physical losses.Conclusion: The NSM enables the investigation of preventative and protective treatments. Because of the model’s flexibility, it may be used in a wide range of nursing situations. Administrative, hospitals, clinics, and other nurses can benefit from this paradigm. Evaluating the many distinct elements contributing to burnout is also feasible. The model’s client factors of physiological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics are used to achieve this. Viewing the individual as an open system that responds to environmental stimuli encourages the existence of stressors that might lead to burnout.

Background: Malaria and typhoid fever remain major public health problems and important causes of febrile illness in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in urban settings characterized by poor sanitation, unsafe water supply, overcrowding, and persistent malaria transmission. The clinical manifestations of both diseases frequently overlap, making accurate diagnosis difficult and often leading to empirical treatment, inappropriate antimicrobial use, and delayed patient management. This study assessed the occurrence, associated risk factors, and clinical implications of malaria–typhoid co-infection among febrile patients attending the Camrail Medical Center in Douala, Cameroon. Methods: A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 febrile patients recruited systematically at the outpatient department. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, clinical assessment forms, and laboratory investigations. Malaria infection was diagnosed using standard parasitological methods, while typhoid fever was assessed using routine laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression in SPSS version 25. Results: Malaria mono-infection accounted for 31.8% of cases, typhoid mono-infection for 10.9%, and malaria–typhoid co-infection for 15.5%, whereas 41.8% of participants had neither infection. Significant predictors of co-infection included unsafe water sources (AOR = 3.12; p = 0.001), poor food hygiene (AOR = 3.85; p < 0.001), non-use of bed nets (AOR = 2.21; p = 0.021), and exposure to stagnant water (AOR = 2.76; p = 0.004). Co-infected patients experienced significantly more severe clinical manifestations, including high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Age-stratified analysis showed a higher proportion of co-infection among participants aged ≤25 years (18.8%) compared with those aged ≥26 years (12.9%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.194). Gender-based analysis demonstrated no significant association between sex and infection category (p = 0.606).Conclusion and recommendations: Malaria–typhoid co-infection remains a significant public health concern in Douala. Integrated diagnostic approaches, improved environmental sanitation, safe water access, food hygiene promotion, and strengthened malaria prevention measures are essential to reducing the burden of co-infection and limiting inappropriate antimicrobial use.

The prevailing dogma regarding urinary tract sterility has been fundamentally challenged by advances in culture-independent molecular techniques. The urinary microbiome, also known as the urobiome, is defined as a complex ecosystem comprising bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining urological health. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between urinary microbial dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS), a clinical umbrella term that explicitly encompasses two major phenotypes: Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) and Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS).This review examines the paradigm shift in understanding urinary tract microbiology, characterizes the urobiome in health and disease, and explores the therapeutic implications of microbiome-targeted interventions for UCPPS management.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and respiratory failure due to selective degeneration of lower motor neurons arising from homozygous deletion of exon 7 (95%) or mutation in the SMN 1 gene (5%),with severity correlating with SMN2 copy number—from fatal Type1 to milder Type 4—affecting 1:6,000–10,000 births worldwide and burdening India with 1,500–2,000 annual cases amid diagnostic delays. Although the backup SMN2 gene compensates a bit for SMN deficiency, a critical C→T transition in exon 7 leads to exon skipping and production of a truncated, unstable and nonfunctional SMN protein. Recent advances in disease-modifying therapies-including antisense oligonucleotides, small-molecule splicing modifiers, and gene replacement-have significantly improved clinical outcomes; however, they do not restore endogenous SMN expression in all tissues and often require repeated administration. Despite these medications like Spinraza injections, Zolgensma gene therapy, Evrysdi pills that increase SMN protein, the condition still has got significant morbidity: Type 1 babies frequently die before the age of two, 60–95% develop scoliosis, which makes spinal injections uncomfortable and dangerous, and lifetime expenses for each patient surpass $2 million. What if we could edit the nucleotide base of SMN2(T6C) using ABE10 to make it emulate like SMN1 gene to restore stable functional SMN protein that would be the permanent cure for SMA. This cutting edge molecular tool “AI-based Adenine Base Editors” would facilitate an endogenous regulation, laying the groundwork for precision medicine in rare disease management.

Purpose: To determine trends in breast imaging services utilization among privately and government-insured patients at a national radiology practice.Method: Monthly breast imaging volume data from January 2019 to September 2022 were analyzed across five insurance types: three commercial carriers (Com1-Com3), Medicaid, and Medicare. Primary analysis involved calculating quarterly volumes and standard errors of the mean, followed by a joinpoint regression to identify trend inflection points and quarterly percentage changes (QPC). In the secondary analysis, the entire period trend was obtained and measured as the average quarterly percentage change (AQPC).Results: Between 2019 Q1 and 2022 Q3, a total of 4,640,619 breast imaging services were accessed, including 2,034,833 2D screening mammograms, 1,640,689 screening digital breast tomosynthesis, 497,592 diagnostic mammograms, 452,549 breast ultrasounds, and 14,956 breast MRIs. AQPC values for imaging modalities varied across insurance types. Medicare and Medicaid patients showed the highest rates of utilization increases, particularly for modalities other than screening breast tomosynthesis, where private insurers dominated. Variations were observed between different commercial payors.Conclusion: Breast imaging utilization increased among patients insured by Medicare and Medicaid from 2019 to 2022, outpacing that of those with private insurance. These findings contrast previous research suggesting better access and utilization among privately insured individuals, highlighting increased access for government-insured patients in this study.

Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant risk to human health, particularly through seafood consumption. Once ingested, MPs can spread from the digestive system to other organs via phagocytosis and endocytosis, leading to toxicological effects. Accumulation of MPs in tissues causes swelling, blockages, oxidative stress, and Cytotoxicity. Studies show MPs alter metabolism, disrupt immune function, and contribute to autoimmune diseases. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurotoxicity, vascular inflammation, and increased cancer risk due to DNA damage. MPs can cross biological barriers, including the placenta, affecting fetal development. Additionally, they serve as vectors for pollutants and bacteria, further complicating health risks. MPs in the bloodstream can trigger inflammatory responses, endothelial adhesion, and red blood cell coagulation, leading to cardiovascular complications. In vitro studies indicate MPs impair renal function and cause long-term inflammation in distal tissues. Moreover, oxidative stress caused by MPs plays a critical role in carcinogenicity. Despite growing evidence of adverse health effects, further research is necessary to understand the full impact of MPs’ exposure on human health and develop effective mitigation strategies.

This paper shows the developments and directions in feature processing. We begin by revisiting conventional feature processing methods, then focus on deep feature extraction techniques and the application of feature processing. The article also analyzes the current research challenges and outlines future development directions, providing valuable insights in related fields.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) remain a major global health concern, necessitating accurate and comprehensive diagnostic techniques. Traditional medical imaging modalities, such as CT angiography, PET, MRI, and ultrasound, provide crucial but limited information when used independently. Image fusion techniques integrate complementary modalities, enhance visualization, and improve diagnostic accuracy. This paper presents a theoretical study of advanced image fusion methods applied to cardiovascular imaging. We explore wavelet-based, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and deep learning-driven fusion models, emphasizing their theoretical underpinnings, mathematical formulation, and potential clinical applications. The proposed framework enables improved coronary artery visualization, cardiac function assessment, and real-time hemodynamic analysis, offering a non-invasive and highly effective approach to cardiovascular diagnostics.MSC Codes: 68U10,94A08,92C55,65T60,62H25,68T07.

Background: Renal malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disorder characterized by defective macrophage function. It typically occurs in immunocompromised patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. We present a case of renal malakoplakia in a diabetic patient who progressed to nephrectomy despite initial conservative management.Case presentation: A 57-year-old female patient with a medical history of insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital with symptoms including fever, left flank pain, and dysuria. A physical examination revealed a tender left lumbar mass. Laboratory investigations revealed a leukocytosis (16,500/mm³), elevated C-reactive protein (142 mg/L), and preserved renal function. A urine culture revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (>106CFU/mL). A subsequent Computed Tomography (CT) scan revealed an enlarged left kidney with a 9 × 6 cm multiloculated subcapsular collection, causing significant parenchymal compression, along with two non-obstructive inferior pole calculi. The initial management strategy encompassed ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage and targeted antibiotic therapy, with the latter being contingent upon bacterial sensitivities. Notwithstanding the patient’s positive clinical recovery, Technetium-99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy performed four weeks after the episode revealed a non-functional left kidney, exhibiting a 15% differential function. Following a multidisciplinary discussion, a total left nephrectomy was performed. A histopathological examination revealed extensive replacement of renal parenchyma by polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate with pathognomonic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. These bodies are spherical, basophilic, perinuclear inclusions that demonstrate strong positivity for Periodic Acid-Schiff and Perls stains. The postoperative course was complicated by self-limited lymphorrhage. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient reported complete resolution of symptoms and remains under nephrological surveillance.Conclusion: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by renal malakoplakia, a condition that can present with a wide spectrum of mimics, including infectious and neoplastic processes. Early diagnosis and prolonged antibiotic therapy with agents capable of intracellular penetration may preserve renal function; however, nephrectomy remains necessary when irreversible parenchymal damage has occurred. Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a significant risk factor for malakoplakia development through impaired leukocyte function. 

Background: Burch colposuspension is a mesh-free retropubic urethropexy for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Amidst increasing scrutiny of synthetic materials, re-evaluating its long-term efficacy and urodynamic profile is essential. Objective: To review contemporary evidence regarding the urodynamic mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of the Burch procedure. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published up to 2025. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and long-term cohort studies focusing on Burch colposuspension compared to midurethral slings and autologous slings. Results: Open colposuspension achieves objective cure rates of 68.9%–88% in the first year, with approximately 70% maintaining continence at five years. Long-term studies (mean 13.1 years) show comparable efficacy to midurethral slings (83% vs. 85%). The procedure restores continence by enhancing pressure transmission to the proximal urethra without altering intrinsic sphincter function. While autologous fascial slings offer higher stress-specific success (66% vs. 49%), they carry significantly higher risks of voiding dysfunction requiring reoperation (6.1% vs. 0%). Common complications of Burch include de novo overactive bladder (3%–4.1%) and a higher risk of posterior compartment prolapse (3.3%) compared to slings. Conclusions: Burch colposuspension remains a gold-standard, mesh-free intervention for women with urethral hypermobility, especially those undergoing concurrent abdominal surgery. It provides a durable, safe alternative to synthetic slings with a lower risk of obstructive voiding dysfunction, though patients should be counseled regarding potential long-term pelvic organ prolapse.