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Background: Experimentally-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness of large muscle groups is frequently used in as an injurious model of muscle pain. We wanted to develop an experimental model of DOMS to to mimic overuse injuries from sports where repeated finger flexion activity is vital such as rock climbing. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the utility of a ‘finger trigger device’ to induce DOMS in the fingers, hands, wrists and lower arms. Methods: A convenient sample of six participants completed an experiment in which they undertook finger exercises to exhaustion after which measurements of pain, skin sensitivity to fine touch, forearm circumference and grip strength in the hand, wrist and forearm were taken from the experimental and contralateral non-exercised (control) arms. Results: Pain intensity was greater in the experimental arm at rest and on movement when compared with the control arm up to 24 hours after exercise, although the location of pain varied between participants. Pressure pain threshold was significantly lower in the experimental arm compared with the control arm immediately after exercises locations close to the medial epicondyle but not at other locations. There were no statistical significant differences between affected and non-affected limbs for mechanical detection threshold, forearm circumference or grip strength. Conclusion: Repetitive finger flexion exercises of the index finger by pulling a trigger against a resistance can induced DOMS. We are currently undertaking a more detailed characterization of sensory and motor changes following repetitive finger flexion activity using a larger sample.

As people get older, chronic diseases become an important reason of disability while a decline in physical functions is related to aging among the elders, which may lead to dependency and isolation of the older adults. Body asymmetry and imbalance body alignment can bring added stress to the joint structures that can cause dysfunction of the joint, ligaments, tendons, bursas, and related muscles, which in return brings about problem while walking or during activities of daily living. Joint Functional Screening (JFS) is a systemic clinical examination with clinical reasoning of the entire human joints body, with or without causative limitation to derive a holistic analysis of musculoskeletal system. JFS profile helps to assess body disorder of older people. This clinical screening include documentation of balance of the body, lower and upper body strength, joints flexibility, body composition, and body alignment. This is an innovation build to profile a normal musculoskeletal state to decode any anomaly in an otherwise a normal subject, who might be preparing to take up any activities in one’s lifespan that could elicit an injury which could be prevented. JFS could be a useful tool for physiotherapists, exercise therapist or even the personal trainers to screen a body prior to rehabilitative or an exercise program; and this clinical screening is presently a best guidance to prevent risk of fall or injury among individual healthy people and older adult.

The inflationary epoch, occurring shortly after the Big Bang, initiated an extraordinarily rapid exponential expansion of the universe. Following this period, the rate of cosmic expansion decelerated for approximately 9.8 billion years, until observations indicated a transition to an accelerated expansion of space-time. This paper aims to estimate the minimum possible deceleration of cosmic expansion during the post-inflationary epoch, addressing an unresolved aspect of cosmological studies. The observable universe is modeled as a spherical region defined by the particle horizon in the FLRW metric. The model operates on the principle that the speed of light cannot exceed the speed of space-time expansion, given that photons are bound by space-time constraints. This paper hypothesizes that at the end of the 9.8 billion years of deceleration, the expansion speed was at its lowest, nearly equating to the speed of light. Subsequently, this speed has increased, correlating with the current accelerated expansion. Through a graphical representation assuming a uniform rate of change in expansion speed (for minimum possible values), we apply concepts of onedimensional motion to derive our estimates. This novel approach provides a foundational calculation of the minimum deceleration, significantly contributing to the understanding of the dynamics of cosmic expansion and offering a basis for future research and observational refinement.

The superposition of non-linear waves in space refers to the phenomenon where two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave pattern. Non-linear waves are characterized by their ability to interact with each other, leading to complex behaviors that are not observed in linear wave systems. Understanding the stability and behavior of the superposition of non-linear waves in space is crucial in various fields such as physics, engineering, and oceanography.When non-linear waves superpose, their interactions can lead to a range of behaviors, including wave breaking, formation of solitons (localized wave packets), and the generation of harmonics. The stability of the superposition is determined by the balance between the non-linear effects and dispersive effects, which can either stabilize or destabilize the wave pattern. In addition, the behavior of non-linear waves in space is influenced by external factors such as boundaries, dissipation, and external forcing.In this paper, we study the behavior and characteristics of waves when they interact with each other. Superposition refers to the phenomenon where multiple waves combine to form a resultant wave. In the case of linear waves, this superposition occurs according to the principles of linear superposition, which states that the displacement or amplitude at any point is the algebraic sum of the displacements or amplitudes of the individual waves.Understanding the superposition of linear waves in space has various applications in fields such as physics, engineering, acoustics, optics, and signal processing. By studying how waves interact and combine, researchers can gain insights into wave propagation, interference patterns, wave reflections, diffraction, and other phenomena that occur when waves meet.

Quantum fluctuations, usually arising from the inherent uncertainty in the quantum fields, are pivotal in understanding the universe at both the small and large scales. Even though fluctuations are usually unobservable and rather small, they give significant observable effects during specific epochs under specific conditions. During the early epochs of the universe, the fluctuations were scaled, resulting in the primordial density perturbations that gave rise to the large-scale structure of the universe and the observed inhomogenities. In this paper, we study the basic origin, structure, evolution, and imprints of fluctuations during the inflationary period resulting in large-scale structure formation. We use the Mukhanov-sasaki formalism to model scalar perturbations, embedding the theoretical results into observations. Theoretical predictions show an almost scale-invariant power spectrum with stringent constraints on the inflationary parameters. It further states that in the very early universe, the inflatons that are quanta of the primordial field were highly filled in the degenerate quantum state. This carries large potential energy that results in an exponential expansion of the universe. During post post-inflationary period the inflaton dominated the Universe’s energy density; they interact among themselves and due to non-linear effects, these inhomogeneities grow which amalgamate into spatially distinguishable patches in our observable universe. Our understanding projects us towards the fact that fluctuations play a pivotal role in understanding the structure formation at micro, macro, and far-macro scales. This study also addresses the significance of quantum fluctuations in cosmic evolution and manifests the enduring relevance in addressing some of the profound mysteries of our universe.

To facilitate understanding some issues of cochlear implantation for new beginners we wrote 1- “The Instruction for audiologists and cochlear implanted patients” and created 2-Demo-program MIMIC. Here are opinions of readers of “The Instruction” and participants of MIMIC. All the ratings are from positive to enthusiastic.

Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) is a well-recognized complication of Major ABO-incompatible allogeneic stem cell transplantation. It is featured by anemia, Reticulocytopenia, and the absence of erythroblasts in a normal-appearing bone marrow biopsy. The mechanism for PRCA is presumed to be the persistence of recipient isoagglutinins, produced by residual host B lymphocytes or plasma cells, which probably interfere with the engraftment of donor erythroid cells. Several risk factors for PRCA have been reported, such as the presence of Anti-A Isoagglutininsbefore transplantation, reduced intensity conditioning, absence of Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), sibling donor and Cyclosporin A(CsA) as GVHD prophylaxis. PRCA is not a barrier to going ahead with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). There are many therapeutic options however few recover spontaneously, among the available options include high-dose steroids, Erythropoietin(EPO), Plasma exchange, Donor lymphocyte Infusion (DLI), treatment with Rituximab, Bortezomib, Daratumumab and tapering or discontinuation of immunosuppression. All these options have variable success in the literature ranging from 30% - 70%, Non-responders become red cell transfusion dependent and their quality of life is impaired. We are reporting a novel therapeutic option, Ibrutinib as an armamentarium in treating the PRCA post-HSCT, which works by blocking the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) pathway thereby inhibiting the host B cell isoagglutinins production and good clinical response.

Background: Obesity is a significant health risk linked to hypertension and heart-related disorders in adolescents, impacting their future well-being . Since, the present work is to determine the body constitute including percentage of body fat correlates with cholesterol level which associate with Body Mass Index. Methods: This cross-sectional work was held in 120 college girls aged 19-23 years of Bhavan’s Tripura College of Science and Technology, Anandanagar at West Tripura. Anthropometric measurements such as standing height, body weight, sub scapular and triceps skinfolds, waist &hip circumference were collected. These records were used to calculate Body Fat Percentage (%BF) and Fat Mass (FM). Waist and Hip ratio (WHR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). FM, %BF and biochemical studies such as serum cholesterol level were also used to measures the body fat composition. Results: According to the present study, 53.33% of girls have a normal BMI, 8.83% are underweight, 31.67% are overweight, and 6.67% are obese. WHR results indicate that 54.17% of participants are classified as obese and 45.83% as non-obese. Out of 114 (95%) girls with normal cholesterol levels of 16 (13.33%) students are pre-hypertensive and 10 (8.33%) students are hypertensive. Out of 38 overweight and 8 obese students 13.34% are in pre or hypertensive. Based on WHR, 65 (54.17%) female students are obese; out of 65 obese students, 12 (10%) and 7 (5.83%) female students are pre-hypertensive and hypertensive, respectively and this value is statistically significant (p value < 0.05). Out of 55 (45.83%) no-obese students 8 (6.67%) girls are pre-hypertensive and 5 (6.67%) girls are hypertensive. According to BMI female students who are overweight or obese (5%) also have excessive blood cholesterol.Conclusion: This study expressed clear evidence of correlation in BMI, serum cholesterol level and Hypertension. These results are important for epidemiological studies to identify the cardiovascular risk in obese adults and help to solve a health problem of present Youngers in their future life. This study serves as an early health warning for female college students.

Background: The proposal that MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry could be used as a direct, rapid and affordable diagnostic tool in clinical laboratory medicine has moved from a theoretical possibility to a reality for Microbiology. Several studies have proposed the application of this technology in obstetric and gynaecological evaluation of patients. In particular, we have proposed that the adoption of MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry in examination of maternal pregnancy urine samples for the detection of Downs syndrome. Methods: A retrospective collection of 20 Down Syndrome and 100 non-aneuploid pregnancy urines at 12 to 14 weeks gestation, collected in 2007-2008 from high risk pregnancy cohorts, were examined by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry in the mass/charge range between 1000 and 100000 m/z. Normalisation of spectral data was defined using mass bins of 100 m/z expressed as a percentage of the total ion count of the mass spectra from 2000 to 11000 m/z. Of the ninety 100 m/z bins, forty-six were identified as m/z bins at which statistically significant differences in spectra occurred between Downs and control/non-aneuploid samples. Based on the differences and variance, for values at these bins, weighted scores of the probability of being Downs were assigned. Comparative algorithms consisting of various mass bins were tested for ability to distinguish Down syndrome from non-aneuploid pregnancy. Results: Although various algorithms could distinguish Downs from non-aneuploid controls, it was found that gestational age was a confounding factor and that if separated into gestational age matched cohorts the ability to distinguish the groups improved dramatically e.g. whilst a 19 bins algorithm separated 100% of Downs from non-aneuploid pregnancies for a 9% false positive rate in the mixed gestational ages group; a two bin algorithm distinguished 100% of Downs for a 6% false positive rate for the 12 weeks gestational age pregnancies. Conclusion: Normalised MALDI-ToF mass spectra, at 2000 to 11000 m/z, of maternal urine gives rise to gestational age specific screening tests algorithms for Downs’s syndrome.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to serve people since antiquity in China, and still has an important role in today’s healthcare. As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, TCM has played an important role in the fight against COVID-19 in China and other countries. However, scientists outside China doubted TCM. The philosophy of TCM in the description of diseases and the use of herbal medicines is difficult to understand for Western scientists. This article explains the philosophy of TCM using chromatic analogies to make it easily understandable and visually intuitive.