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Acriptega, a combination of Dolutegravir, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir, is a cornerstone of modern antiretroviral therapy due to its efficacy and tolerability. However, treatment failures persist despite this optimization, raising questions about barriers to successful treatment. Through the analysis of two clinical cases, this study explores the biological and behavioral factors contributing to these failures following a switch to this molecule.The first case is a 69-year-old female patient, diagnosed with HIV in 2002 following pulmonary tuberculosis, who was regularly monitored with an undetectable viral load and a CD4 count > 500 cells/mm³ until the Acriptega transition and the onset of tumor symptoms in 2024. The second case is a 62-year-old female patient, diagnosed with HIV in 2009 following cerebral toxoplasmosis. She was regularly monitored with good treatment adherence and an undetectable viral load. After switching her triple therapy, she developed gastroenteritis, which led to the discovery of her treatment failure.    This case study highlights that failure after switching to Acriptega is linked to the absence of prior resistance testing (genotyping). A safe switchover requires a rigorous assessment of the patient’s virological history to prevent the emergence of cross-resistance. Close monitoring via genotyping is essential.

Sheep are not native to Australia and were originally imported; 44 sheep were among the animals transported from Great Britain to the penal colony established on the east coast of Terra Australis in January 1788 http://firstfleetfelowshp.org.au. The following brief account of the history of wool in Australia is taken from “The Australian Merino” which began; The Australian Merino…comprised one of the greatest creative expressions of domestic animal species by and for mankind…one of the greatest contributions to the world economy [1]. These original sheep were for human provisions and consisted of fat-tailed native sheep from the Cape of Good Hope, but the primary source of sheep for the first three or four decades of Australia’s history were from Bengal, the closest British colony to Australia.

Giardia is the most common pathogenic intestinal flagellate protozoan in the world. The most studied species is Giardia lamblia (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis) that infects mammals, including humans. About the other seven species the scientific literature is very scarce and little is known about its characteristics and epidemiological importance. The exception is Giardia muris species that is frequently used in experimental infection to attempt to understand the parasite-host interaction in G. lamblia infection [1].

Sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) of the mandible is still an important part of orthognathic surgery, but “bad split” fractures that happen during the surgery are still a big problem. This report describes a rare case of bilateral bad split associated with highly compact mandibular bone (D1–D2 type) in a 53-year-old male undergoing mandibular advancement. The bone was too hard for the piezoelectric and rotary tools to work, and there was very little bleeding. This caused fractures in the cortex and lingual. Postoperative computed tomography confirmed the presence of highly dense bone, correlated with delayed healing and recurrence. Consistent pre-surgical CT scanning for an assessment of the density of the mandibular bone can provide essential information about the potential risk of the osteotomy procedure in the patient. Performing a careful bone quality and density examination pre-operatively will allow the surgeons to select the most appropriate instruments and surgical techniques that will fit the patient’s individual anatomy. Such a point escalates to being very significant when dealing with the geriatric population, as bone density increase can not only alter the fracture behavior but also the recovery process during and after surgery. The inclusion of regular CT-based bone density evaluations into the preoperative routine not only facilitates the anticipation of surgical difficulties but also results in safer and more efficient osteotomies.

Renal dysfunction after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) often results from common causes like drug toxicity, infection, or transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA). However, renal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) may be ignored. We discuss a 49-year-old man who experienced worsening kidney function despite being in hematologic remission and having negative results for infections and autoimmune diseases. A renal biopsy showed chronic tubulointerstitial injury consistent with renal GVHD, along with existing TMA. Treatment with eculizumab did not lead to improvement, likely indicating significant chronic damage. This case highlights the need to maintain clinical suspicion and to perform timely renal biopsies in cases of unexplained kidney dysfunction after transplant.

Background: Renal malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory disorder characterized by defective macrophage function. It typically occurs in immunocompromised patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. We present a case of renal malakoplakia in a diabetic patient who progressed to nephrectomy despite initial conservative management.Case presentation: A 57-year-old female patient with a medical history of insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital with symptoms including fever, left flank pain, and dysuria. A physical examination revealed a tender left lumbar mass. Laboratory investigations revealed a leukocytosis (16,500/mm³), elevated C-reactive protein (142 mg/L), and preserved renal function. A urine culture revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (>106CFU/mL). A subsequent Computed Tomography (CT) scan revealed an enlarged left kidney with a 9 × 6 cm multiloculated subcapsular collection, causing significant parenchymal compression, along with two non-obstructive inferior pole calculi. The initial management strategy encompassed ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage and targeted antibiotic therapy, with the latter being contingent upon bacterial sensitivities. Notwithstanding the patient’s positive clinical recovery, Technetium-99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy performed four weeks after the episode revealed a non-functional left kidney, exhibiting a 15% differential function. Following a multidisciplinary discussion, a total left nephrectomy was performed. A histopathological examination revealed extensive replacement of renal parenchyma by polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate with pathognomonic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. These bodies are spherical, basophilic, perinuclear inclusions that demonstrate strong positivity for Periodic Acid-Schiff and Perls stains. The postoperative course was complicated by self-limited lymphorrhage. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient reported complete resolution of symptoms and remains under nephrological surveillance.Conclusion: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by renal malakoplakia, a condition that can present with a wide spectrum of mimics, including infectious and neoplastic processes. Early diagnosis and prolonged antibiotic therapy with agents capable of intracellular penetration may preserve renal function; however, nephrectomy remains necessary when irreversible parenchymal damage has occurred. Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a significant risk factor for malakoplakia development through impaired leukocyte function. 

Aim: This study aims to determine the current status for estimation of radiation dose to blood vessels and components from medical imaging procedures.Methodology: A database search on internet via PubMed and Google Scholar was performed to find published papers in estimation of radiation dose to blood vessels and components from medical imaging procedures. Results: Few published papers were found; namely two published papers. Radiation dose to blood vessels and components were assumed to be included in total radiation dose estimation for organ or tissue, without considering different in radiosensitivity. Conclusion: It seems that effect of radiation on blood vessels and components is underestimated, in ICRP 60 and 103 recommendations reports. Recommendation: It is recommended to conduct more studies to estimate radiation dose for blood vessels and components from medical imaging procedures and revise the value of tissue weighting factor for bone marrow.

This study was conducted in Nyala, South Darfur State, Sudan during August-September 2015 to study the seroprevalence of ovine and caprine theileriosis and to identify the tick infesting sheep and goats. For this purpose, total of 150 samples (ticks, blood smear and sera) were collected from sheep (n=61) and goats (n=89) of different age groups, breed and both sex. Three age groups were included: less than one-year-old, one-two years-old and more than two-year-old. Two diagnostic techniques were used, blood smears, and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Out of 150 samples, 9 (6%) were positive for Theileria spp. piroplasms in blood smears, and 81 (54%) were positive for Theileria lestoquardi antibodies. Out of 61 sheep, 3 (4.9%) were positive for Theileria spp. piroplasms, and 25 (41%) were positive for T. lestoquardi antibodies. Out of 89 goats, 6 (6.7%) were positive for Theileria spp. piroplasms, and 56 (62.9%) were positive for T. lestoquardi antibodies. The highest prevalence of T. lestoquardi was recorded among sheep and goats more than two-year-old. Two genera and 4 species of ticks were infested sheep and goats. These included Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, R. s. sanguineus, Amblyomma variegatum and A. lepidum. The study concluded that the malignant ovine theileriosis is endemic in Nyala town.

Investigation the influences of vitamin (vit) E over a period of 5 days on the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol after single and multiple oral administrations in broiler chickens. Total of 12 broiler chickens had been taken single and multiple oral administrations of florfenicol (30 mg/kg) alone or pre-treated with vit E (2 mg/kg). The serum concentrations of florfenicol were determined using microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 25922) as a tested microorganism. The mean serum concentrations of florfenicol alone were markedly lower when compared with florfenicol pre-treated with vit E after single and multiple dosing. The peak serum concentrations (Cmax) were 5.9±0.46, 7.48±0.3 ug/ml, absorption half-life (t0.5ab) of 0.51±0.06, 0.71±0.1 h and elimination half-life (t0.5el) of 2.72±0.34, 3.34±0.5 after single florfenicol alone and florfenicol pre-treated with vit E respectively. While, after multiple dosing, (Cmax) were 7.4±0.3, 8.04±0.3 ug/ml, (t0.5ab) 0.82±0.04, 0.81±0.04 h and (t0.5 el) 3.77±0.2, 4.52±0.7 h after multiple dosing of florfenicol alone and florfenicol pre-treated with vit E respectively. In conclusion Vit E alter the disposition kinetics of florfenicol after single and multiple oral administrations as, vit E allows prolongation of the duration of action for more 24 and 48 h of the drug concentration in the serum indicated by prolonged elimination half-lives and MRT reflecting the importance of this combination for the drug duration in serum but the increase in the serum concentration of florfenicol increasing its efficacy not toxicity as florfenicol of wide safety margin so, it’s advisable for poultry farms owners to use this combinations.

Climate change brings extreme events like drought, landslide, flood and anticipated more constraint to profitable livestock production causing huge economical loss in the livestock sector of the country. Deaths of livestock and damage to farms and farm infrastructure is causing a huge loss, small livestock holders are highly venerable to such climatic hazards. So to cope with these uncertain climatic hazards livestock insurance is the one of the best strategies. This study reveals that different climatic hazards is been experienced by the livestock holders of Kaski, Dolakha and Jhapa district of Nepal, 62% of the respondent has observed the change in climate. Of the total respondents perceived around 47% farmer have insured their livestock in Kaski district, 33% in Jhapa and 20 % in Dolakha district. Beside the proper vaccination, deworming, management and feeding of animals people are insuring their livestock assets due to uncertain in the climatic pattern and its consequences, this shows that livestock insurance is the one of the tool to mitigate with changing climate and climate relate hazard in livestock sector of Nepal.