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The limits of classical equivalent computation based on time, dose, and fractionation (TDF) and linear quadratic models have been known for a long time. Medical physicists and physicians are required to provide fast and reliable interpretations regarding the delivered doses or any future prescriptions relating to treatment changes. In this letter, we propose an outline related to the different models usable for equivalent and biological doses that are likely to be the most appropriate. The used methodology is based on: the linear-quadratic-linear model of Astrahan, the repopulation effects of Dale, and the prediction of multi-fractionated treatments of Thames.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the properties, applications, and fabrication techniques of nanofibers, which are characterized by their ultrafine diameters and unique features such as high surface area and aspect ratio. These attributes render nanofibers particularly advantageous for a wide range of applications, especially in the biomedical sector, encompassing areas like tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing. The article highlights various studies that illustrate the potential of nanofibers in addressing healthcare challenges, particularly their utilization in scaffolds for regenerative medicine and as carriers for controlled drug delivery. Furthermore, it discusses different preparation methods for nanofibers, including electrospinning and alternative techniques, while stressing the importance of polymer selection in achieving optimal drug-release properties. The article also delves into the application of nanofibers in tissue engineering, specifically for bone, cartilage, and vascular applications, and examines their emerging roles in organ-on-a-chip technology and contraceptive development. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the versatility and significance of nanofibers in advancing medical technologies and their potential to address contemporary health challenges. Collaborative efforts between material scientists and biologists are essential to foster interdisciplinary research aimed at improving electrospinning methodologies.

Geothermal energy, with a global installed capacity of 16.7 GW by 2023 and an annual generation of more than 97 TWh, is consolidating its position as a key pillar in the energy transition. From the pioneering Lardarello plant (1913) to The Geysers complex in California (the largest in the world with 1.5 GW of capacity), this energy source has demonstrated its potential to supply baseload electricity 24 hours a day, with a carbon footprint up to 10 times lower than fossil fuels. The article explores how the architectural design of these plants integrates geological, environmental, and technological factors. Systems such as binary cycles (which operate at 90°C and reduce emissions by 95%) allow the exploitation of low-temperature resources, expanding their applicability to non-volcanic regions. However, challenges remain: reservoir exploration is 30-40% uncertain, and initial costs exceed $4,500 per installed kW, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Iconic cases like The Geysers illustrate innovative solutions. Since 2003, its recharge project with treated wastewater (11 million gallons/day) has revitalized the reservoir, extending its lifespan by decades. This circular economy approach not only optimizes resources but also reduces water conflicts in arid areas. The future points to disruptive designs: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), which could increase global potential tenfold by enabling dry reservoirs, and urban heating districts with heat pumps, capable of providing heating at -20°C. By 2030, drilling innovations—such as smart drill bits and robotics—could reduce costs by 50%, accelerating adoption. In a world that needs to double clean energy by 2040, geothermal energy is emerging not only as a renewable source, but as an architectural canvas where engineering and sustainability converge to redefine the energy landscape. Its evolution will depend on creatively overcoming technical barriers, transforming the Earth’s heat into the cornerstone of a decarbonized era.

Background: The motivation of this paper is to analyze the growing air pollution level in the city of Bengaluru, as it was once a green city but is now facing problems with the use of private vehicles, such as increasing levels of air pollutants. Green buildings focus on reducing their negative environmental impacts by using less energy and water, and causing less disruption to the environment during construction. Green buildings, which also strive to enhance human health through the design of healthy indoor spaces, are arguably less well-known.Objective: The main objective is to analyze the most suitable zone in Bangalore for the construction of green buildings. The review of existing green building technologies with the use of natural materials, renewable energy, water conservation, and indoor air quality.Method: The methodology will include a study of six green building literature reviews with eminent researchers and scientists. The main principles of green building include having indoor air quality of Nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter are the most common air impurities released into the atmosphere by the variability of natural processes and human actions. The advantages of lessened energy and water use are well known, but the potential advantages of green buildings for human health have only lately come into focus. In addition, case study review for Electronic City, Whitefield, and International Airport in BangaloreResult: To address the comparative study of case study review, Bangalore city data was collected regarding the pollutant levels, then linear regression models were created and reviewed to design green buildings in the future. Conclusion: The goal of the study is to comprehend how toxins, a rise in urban population density, the usage of novel artificial resources, and traffic contamination all work together to worsen indoor air quality and increase harmful impacts on people.

Introduction: Sophisticated technological advancements for the identification of people are readily available in developed countries.  Meanwhile, relatively less expensive algorithms in physical anthropometry could be employed for such identification purposes. Although such evaluations have been done in some countries, due to interpopulation variations, such relations should be ethnic-and sex-specific.  Aim: Therefore, the present study sought to assess the relationship between the long bones of the upper and lower limbs among two ethnic groups in Ghana for stature estimation. Methodology: Using a purposive non-random sampling technique, participants made up of 140 Asantes and 102 Ewes aged 20 to 25 years were recruited after an ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publication and Ethics, KNUST.  Results: For the same sex, there was no statistically significant difference between Asantes and Ewes concerning height. The most useful parameters for stature estimation among the Asante males were left fibular and tibial lengths, with those of the females being left ulnar, fibular, and radial lengths.  However, for the Ewe males, the most significant parameters for height estimation were right fibular and humeral lengths, whereas for the Ewe females, being right tibial and humeral lengths.  Conclusion: Findings of the study are useful for the identification of humans with dismembered body parts involved in various disasters, such as automobile accidents.  The database and formulae derived would be useful for stature estimation needed in biological profiling and other assessments of bedridden patients.

We investigate how the UV spectra of pyruvic acid (PA) and pyruvate are impacted by interactions with water molecules. In particular, we would like to understand the mechanistic origin of the blue shift in the n →− π∗ transition. Pyruvic acid is the simplest α-keto organic acid and is common in the environment. We use density functional theory to optimize geometries to determine excitation energies and find that the excitation energies of the two main pyruvic acid conformers and pyruvate blue shift when interacting with 1 to 4 water molecules, both in vacuo and in a solvent. The excitation wavelength is blue-shifted by 0.9-9.2 nm when adding water molecules to the lowest energy conformer of PA. Calculations of the UV spectra of pyruvic acid (PA) and pyruvate are crucial for understanding the impact of the interactions with water molecules.

Introduction: The medial collateral ligament (MCL), a primary stabilizer against valgus forces, often requires surgical intervention in severe injuries, especially when associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. However, MCL repair or reconstruction is typically reserved for patients who continue to experience persistent valgus instability after nonoperative management has failed. The use of synthetic and biological implants is increasingly popular to augment these procedures, providing both biomechanical reinforcement and promoting natural healing. BioBrace, a biocomposite of collagen and bioabsorbable microfilaments, provides structural support and enhances tissue healing. This article explores the surgical treatment of high-grade medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries of the knee using BioBrace augmentation through a case series.Methods: Cohort of patients who underwent MCL repair surgery with a bioinductive membrane augmentation (BioBrace) between December 2023 and February 2024. This article presents surgical techniques, indications, and clinical outcomes from a case series, highlighting the benefits of BioBrace augmentation in improving stability and functional recovery. Results: A total of 4 patients underwent MCL repair surgery with BioBrace. Results show that patients experienced reduced instability, faster rehabilitation, and favorable outcomes without significant postoperative complications. Conclusion: This method offers a promising alternative for patients with complex knee injuries, especially athletes, by facilitating early rehabilitation and improving joint stability. Further research is recommended to evaluate long-term efficacy and optimize the surgical approach.

Introduction and background: Hydatid disease (HD) is a parasitic infection caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. It is endemic in regions with widespread livestock farming and close human-animal contact. Although the liver and lungs are the most frequently involved organs, rare cases of primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts have been reported, especially in the absence of visceral involvement. Gluteal localization is extremely rare and may be misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific presentation.Case presentation: We report the case of a 25-year-old woman who presented with a gradually enlarging, painless swelling over the lateral aspect of her right buttock, noted over five months. There were no systemic symptoms, and she had no history of trauma or prior medical conditions. Physical examination revealed a well-circumscribed, fluctuating, non-mobile mass measuring 5 × 4 cm with no overlying skin changes. Laboratory results were within normal limits. Ultrasound imaging revealed multiple well-defined cystic lesions in the subcutaneous tissue. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound excluded hepatic or pulmonary hydatidosis. A diagnosis of primary subcutaneous hydatid cyst was made. The patient underwent pericystectomy under spinal anesthesia. Intraoperatively, typical hydatid features were noted, and the cyst cavity was thoroughly irrigated with hypertonic saline. Postoperatively, Albendazole therapy (400 mg twice daily) was administered for three months. There were no signs of recurrence during 6 months of follow-up.Discussion: Primary soft tissue hydatid cysts are rare and can mimic benign soft tissue tumors or abscesses. In endemic regions, such lesions should be carefully evaluated using imaging and clinical suspicion. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging, and definitive treatment includes surgical excision with careful handling to prevent dissemination, accompanied by pre- and postoperative anthelmintic therapy to minimize recurrence.Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering hydatid disease in the differential diagnosis of gluteal masses, especially in endemic areas. Prompt diagnosis and combined surgical and pharmacologic therapy can lead to excellent outcomes without recurrence.

Endoscopic procedures in patients with comorbidities such as Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), respiratory compromise, or anticipated difficult airways present considerable anaesthetic challenges. Intubation and positive pressure ventilation, although standard, can be detrimental in such patients due to risks of sympathetic stimulation, barotrauma, or prolonged recovery. Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) is gaining attention as a method to maintain oxygenation without intubation. We share our clinical experience using THRIVE during upper endoscopic procedures to avoid intubation in 10 high-risk patients, demonstrating its feasibility, safety, and clinical benefits.

Pharmacovigilance is concerned with the adverse effects of the authorized drugs after use, hence if the adverse effects are harmful and deteriorate other organs or tissues of the patient. These adverse effects were reported by the patients, pharmacists, nurses, clinicians, and physicians. Some examples which withdrawal from the markets according to the pharmacovigilance: astemizole, cisapride, terfenadine, and rofecoxib, which revealed many adverse effects leading to their withdrawal these drugs from the markets.Aim of the research: The knowledge around pharmacovigilance and improving the side effects of drugs which present in the market, the results of this improvement led us to obtain new drugs without serious side effects. We conclude that the market drugs improved from the older drugs, have side effects will are suitable to the usage by patients.